Friday, March 1, 2019
Benefits and Hazard of Radiation
SUBMITTED BY Teresita C. Ojastro SUBMITTED TO Mrs. Pilar M. Macabinguil MALOH PROVINCIAL partnership HIGH SCHOOL DUMAGUETE CITY NEGROS ORIENTAL 6200 Mrs. Pilar M. Macabinguil ENGLISH IV Teacher MPCHS Madam In partial fulfillment of the requirement in ENGLISH IV, I herewith present to you my verge paper authorise What is Radiation? This end target paper presents a enquiry study on the importance about beam and how it affects the whole introduction. In doing a seek paper is a big task that must be granted to a greater extent drifts, time and patient. It leave alone not be built without references.I constantly think of doing this not for the benefits for other but for my own. I light upon to be more confident, more competitive and more initiative for I drive in I pass my inspiration who gave me e verything I need. The strength, courage, will and de terminationination to strike my goals in spiritedness and to finish my accomplishment as student. I was to open my best wi th the help of our overlord theology. So madam, I hope that this term paper will merit your approval and prove to be satisfactory. ravish consider my errors and Im sorry for I disappointed to you. respectfully yours, TERESITA C. OJASTRO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTNow, in behalf of such difficulties and trials, I would interchangeable to ac make doledge the People who were re forever there behind me and supported me in making this term Paper. Once and foremost, I would like to give especial convey to our almighty God for He serves as my inspiration and great provider as well. He gives me strength to face me challenge that Ive en promiseed. I to God who is too magnificent to grant the blessing I need. I hereby express my thanks to Mrs. Sandra Omongos for giving us opportunity to learn, for giving us information and knowledge in making this term paper.It helps a plenty for us that if we already in college, we already know on how to execute a research paper. Thank you very much madam for th e effort in explaining to us everything. I also give thanks to my h championy p subdivisionic function 18nt, sister and brother, grandma, and auntie who really gives there supports, emotionally, physically, mentally, spiritually, and financially. I give those thanks as they ar the best p arnt, aunties and uncle ever. With them, I grew graceful with to God. They argon one of my inspirations in complying this research paper.Grateful thanks to my friends, classmates, parents, grandma, aunties and uncle, teacher as well, who were very good-hearted to me, who courage me in this term paper. To my especial auntie Miss ANNABELLE OJASTRO who is always there, giving advice, help me to be strong and be a fall apart person, Thank you very much. I shall never forget you. INTRODUTION We often confederate the word ray of light with sunlight, x- peters, and nuclear power plants. Radiation is simply vitality travelling by dint of space and sunlight is the most familiar of radiation. spiri tednesss on earth has evolved and developed with an ever present background radiation. In fact, in both solar and nuclear radiation have always been there. Despite this people, fear this hazards that the application of nuclear radiations pose to human life and to the environment. The employ of nuclear naught in power generation whitethorn have been temporarily shelved in our country due to the controversy in the mid-1980 but this does not make our country Nuclei-free. The controversy revolves mostly roughly the risks involved versus the benefits derived from these applications.However, for you to decide for or against the recitation of these applications, you will need to learn about radioactivity and nuclear heartiness. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. TITLE summon II. ENDORSEMENT LETTER III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV. INTRODUCTION V. TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. form OF TERM PAPER A. What is radiation? B. Types and Properties of Nuclear Radiation C. Radioactivity D. uncovering of Radioactivity E. hot Isotopes F. Radioactive half life G. The sorts of Radioactive Decay H. Radioactive Dating I. Two Methods use in Radioactive Dating J. Radiator demodulator K. Radiation Application L. Food and Agriculture M.Diagnosis and Therapy N. Diagnostic use of Radioisotopes VII. goal VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY WHAT IS RADIATION? RADIATION- is the transfer of thermic energy space. Any object with thermal energy give offs radiation. If youve travelled down roads on a very hot day, you may have been seen evidence of this radiation. The air just in a higher place the hot pavement shimmers and shakes as heats radiates from the surface. This radiation is very much like radio and television waves. Thermal energy transfer in the like way that radio and television signal travels from the broadcasting to your home. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONScientist plant three incompatible kinds of radiation given move out by isotopes of radioactive substances. These are the following 1. ALPHA (? ) hint RADIATION- it consists of two protons and two neutrons, or, the kernel of a helium atom. They carry a positive hot flash of +2e. It is a helium essence. Its neat power is not very great. It coffin nail be stopped by a thin sheet of paper. 2. BETA (? ) PARTICLE RADIATION- Beta radiation consists of electrons. A beta particle is emitted from the nucleus when a neutron becomes a proton and vice versa. 1 The beta particle carries a charge of + e.It is an electron created during the tumble of a neutron nucleus. It can travel at nearly speed of light. The high speed of beta particle makes it more penetrating than an alpha particle 3. da Gamma(Y RAY PROTONS-It is form of high energy electro magnetized radiation that travels at the speed of light. A da Gamma ray is a bundle of light energy. It has the most penetrating radiation given off by radioactive elements and its not affected by magnetic fields. It has no voltaical charge. RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is a spontaneous co rrupt of atomic nuclei in the emission of particle and energy.Radiation and radioactivity are worlds that produce anxiety but we often over come along the many beneficial uses to which radiation can be put. For instance, exposure to high energy radiation can cause crabby person. Yet precisely the same take of radiation can be useful in the diagnosis of cancer and even in the treatment of cancer. Light and heat rays from the sun are common forms of radiation. Energy is given off when electrons in an exiled atom jumpstart from a higher energy level to a depress energy level. This energy is emitted in the following forms. X-ray, radiation, ultraviolet radiation or light.An atom becomes excited when energy is added to it. However, there are some substances which yield radiation. These are called radioactive substances and it comes from the nuclei of an atom. DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY In 1985, William Roentgens discovered x-rays are radiation produced when high energy electron hit a certain material. He also discovers that x-rays can generate by directing a cathodes ray (beam of fast electrons) against the wall of the glass tube. In 1986, a French scientist, total heat Becquerel did an experiment to go under whether fluorescent materials give off light as well as x-rays.Becquerel wrapped a photographic plate in a thick black paper. He placed a crystallization of the fluorescent uranium salt on the top of the paper. Then, he expose the set up to the sunlight. He found a foggy photographic film, confirming his prediction that his runny sulphate did emit radiation. RADIOATIVE ISOTOPES Isotopes are atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. We distinguish mingled with the different isotopes of hydrogen by 1H, 2H and 3H where the lower number is atomic number and the upper number is the atomic mass number.The common isotopes of hydrogen, 1 1H, is a table element. So is the isotopes 1 2H, called deuterium Heavy Water is the usually given to H2O in which 13H, called tritium, however, is unstable and undergoes beta decay. This is the radioactive. And some are not. RADIOACTIVE HALF-LIFE Radioactive isotopes decay at different rates. The radioactive Decay rate measured in terms of a characteristics time, the half-life. The Half-Life of the radioactive materials is the time required for half the atoms of radioactive isotopes of an element to decay. This term is also use to described Decay process in general.For example, Thorium-234 has a half-life of 24d. This mean that if we start with a 100g sample of TH-234, after 24d 50g will have changed into other atoms and 50g of Th-234 will remain. THE KINDS OF RADIOACTIVE descent Physicist who studied radioactive rocks and minerals discovered three kinds of radioactive decay, which are the following 1. ALPHA DECAY Some radioactive decays involve the emission of a relatively tumid and massive practice compo red by two protons and two neutrons. such(prenomina l) as particle is exactly the same as the nucleus of helium, 4 atoms.It is called an alpha particle, and the process by which it is emitted is called alpha decay. It has an equation ZAXZ-4A-4Y+24He Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + particle (helium nucleus) 2. BETA DECAY The second kind of radioactive decays, called beta decay, involves the emission of the electron. In general for beta decay ZAXZA+Y+-10e Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + ? particle (electron) 3. GAMMA RADIATION The third kind radioactivity called gamma radiation is different from alpha and beta decay.A gamma ray is simply a generic wine term for a very energetic proton which is one unit of electromagnetic radiation. It is represented by ZAXZAX+00y Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + gamma particle All magnetic radiation comes from the acceleration of charge particles. That is go by in gamma radiation. RADIOACTIVE DATING An entirely different use of radioactivity is radioactive dating. Radioisotopes are employ as Nu clear pin clover to determine the age of objects on an archaeological, geographical, and astronomical time sale. TWO METHODS use IN RADIOACTIVE DATING . URANIUM DATING It is apply to determine the age of the earth, the moon, or the solar system. Isotopes with the long half lives like U-238, U-235, Th-232, K-40 and Rb-87 are used. With this method, scientist has estimated the age of the greyest rock on the earth to be four one thousand million years old. Since, Uranium has a very long half-life the marrow of lead produced by its decays over a period of thousands of years is some undetectable. That uranium dating not used relatively younger objects. 2. cytosine DATING It uses the decay of the carbon-14 isotope.Carbon dating techniques has become an indispensable hawkshaw for advanced archaeologists. The age of artefacts from archaeological sites can be determining using carbon dating techniques. The oldest caves in Palawan were found to be around 40,000 years old by carbon d ating. Carbon-14 is used in determining the age of formerly living things, to calculate the age of non-living things, Uranium dating is used. RADIATION DETECTORS contradictory visible lights, the presence of radioactive substances within and around us cannot be detected by our senses. The following are the radiation detector devices . GEIGER riposte A Geiger counter consist of a central wire in a hollow metal cylinder filled with low wedge gas, an electrical voltage is applied across the cylinder and wire so that the wire is more positive than the cylinder. 2. CLOUD CHAMBER A dapple chamber shows a visible path or ionizing radiation in the form of Fog trails. It consists of cylindrical glass chamber close at the upper and by a glass window and at the lower and by a movable piston. 3. BUBBLE CHAMBER The particles trails seem in a bubble chamber are minute bubbles of gas in liquid hydrogen.The liquid hydrogen is heated under pressure in a glass and stainless steel chamber to a po int just short to boiling. 4. SCINTILLATION COUNTER A scintillation counter uses the fact that certain substances are easily excited in emit light and when charge particles are or gamma rays pass by dint of them. Tiny flashes of light or scintillation are converted into electric signal by special photo-multiplier tubes. A scintillation counter can measure the energy of charged particles or gamma rays absorb the detector. workaday water, when highly purified, can serve as a scintillator. RADITION APPLICATIONToday, scientists continue to look for applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy to benefits mankind. A. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Ionizing, radiation has been use for the several decades to produce new genetic lines of rice, sorghum, garlic, wheat, bananas, beans, avocado, and peppers. All of which are more resistant to rests and more adaptable to harsh climatic conditions. Aside from the used of radioisotopes is tracer studies, there at to the lowest degree three major area s where ionizing radiation is used in agriculture 1. ) Mutation plant breeding, 2. ) Food temper and 3. Sterile infect technology. B. DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPHY Radiation is a powerful tool in medicine especially as an aid to diagnosis. In medical diagnosis the strategy in to keep the radiation dose as low as possible while gaining the most information. How is this possible? By using small amounts of short lived radioactive isotopes injected into the patients body. A technique called radio isotopic tracing. DIAGNOSIS USE OF RADIOISOTOPES 1. Bone and thyroid gland scan 2. Radio-immunoassay (RIA) Technique 3. Skeleton and heart muscles detectors Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat cancer.Treatment of cancers, the purpose is to cause damage particularly to cancer cells. demonstration I conclude that making this term paper really requires effort, time, knowledge, and of channel financial effort aspects. It is not easy task. It is very challenging for us, for me because through re search in different sources, our knowledge will expand. And there is learning. I used to choose Radiation because I really ask to know what it all is About, its benefits, and hazards, how it is related to our planet earth, and what is behind. As I go through, I learned some more and it helps me a lot.Coz I know in College, we were going to make this also. I was hesitating to make a research paper because I was thinking its hard to do. But when I try my best, I was proven myself wrong. It is important to make this Because I want to learn and besides its a requirement that should e accomplish. In the study of RADIATION I found of that there were kinds, Benefits and hazardous. At least we can aware of what is it all about. And now because I learn, So I am accomplishing now my term paper. BIBLIOGRAPHY physical science Science and applied science text edition for Fourth Year. Philippines SD Publication, Inc, 2004Aldridge, Bill M. S, et. al. Science and Interaction. USA Glencoe Divisi on of Mc Millan/Mc Graw-Hill School Publishing Company, 1993. Buffa, Anthony J. And Wilson, Jerry D. physics Fourth strain. Singapore Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994. Heath, Robert W. Macnaughton, Robert R. and Martindale, David G. Fundamentals of Physic. Canada D. C. health Canada Ltd. , 1979 Hewitt capital of Minnesota G. abstract Physics, United States of America Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. , 2006 Hewitt capital of Minnesota G. Conceptual Physics Ninth magnetic variation. USA Pearson Education Inc. , 1956 Ocampo, Jorge R. And Santos, Gil Nonato C.General Science for high school School. Rex Book Store, Inc. , 1963. Pabellon, Josetina L. , and Tubal , Gemelita C. Science and engine room for a Better Life Series. Physics Second Edition. Philippines Duiva Scholastic Presk Inc. , 1995. Ronan, Colin A. The New Book of Knowledge. Canada Grolier Incorporated, 2004. Salmorin, Lita M. Science and Technology Physics Updated Edition. Philippines Abiva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995. 2 . Lita M. Salmon, Science and Technology Physic Updated Edition (Philippines Aviva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995), p. 32. 3 . 2Bill Aldridge, M. S, et al. , Science Interactions (United states of America Glencoe Division of Mc Milan/Mc Grew-Hell School Publishing Company, 1993), p. 176 4 . Jerry D. Wilson and Anthony G. Buffer Physics Fourth Edition (Singapore Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994), p. 892. 5 . Colin A. Ronan, the New Book f knowledge (Canada Grolier Incorporated, 2004), p. 42. 6 . Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics (United of America Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), p. 613. 7 . Robert W. Health, Rober R. Macnaughton and David G. Martinda, Fundamentals of Physics (Canada D.C. Health CanadaLtd. 1979), p. 309. 8 . Gil Nonato C. Santod and George R. Ocampo, General Science for School (Philippines REX Book Store, Inc. ,1963), p. 270. 9 . Ms. Sosefina L. Pabellon and Ms. Genelita B. Tubal, Science and Technology for a Better Life Series Physics second Edition (Phillipines Divva Scholastic Press Inc. , 1995),p. 290 10 . Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, Ninth Edition (USA Pearson Education Inc. , 1956), p. 643. 11 . Physics Science and Technology textbook for the fourth year( Philippines SD Publications, Inc. , 2004), P. 109.
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