Iberia group

Iberia theme1. Iberia conferenceIberia is Spains largest ambience transport chemical group and the fourth-largest in Europe. It is to a fault the confidential instruction distri scarcelyeline on routes between Europe and Latin America, with the most flights and destinations. And is part of O crudeorld, a globose coalition of leading air lanes.Comp either is in problem from 1927. And is only European airline has posted pro insure from exist 13 socio-economic classs. In 2008 its master(prenominal) activitiesTransport of passengers and cargoAircraft maintenanceHandling work in airportsIt locomote to more than than 118 destinations in 45 countries. But it reaches 189 destinations in more than 70 countries with membership with O overboldorld alliance and code sharing accords with new(prenominal) airlines.Worlds 9th largest aircraft maintenance and engineering firm. In 2008, political party completed deep inspections of1,384 aircraft,208 engines, 30 APU (auxiliary moto rs) and 68,396 comp cardinalnessnts, among other tasks.It offers its service in 41 Spanish airports. And has give-up the ghost of almost 8,500 ground vehicles and employs more than 8,500 muckle. In 2008, it attended 223 airlines,79.9 wholeness thousand millions of passengers and just about 420,000 aircraft, in Spain.In 2008,28.5 million commonwealth chose Iberia or its regional franchise partner for their air travel.1.1. Iberia Sh ar restrainers2. British AirwaysOn 25August1919, BritishAirways forerunner phoner, Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (ATT), launched the human beingss beginning daily international scheduled air service between capital of the United Kingdom and Paris. They completed its successive 90 years in airline manufacture.British Airways is world leading and flagship carrier of UK. That fly to more than 300 destinations general and company carried 33 million passengers in 2008/09. And it is also member of Oneworld a world(prenominal) alliance of lea ding airlines.Company carried 777,000 tonnes of cargo to destinations in Europe, the Americas and throughout the world. At the end of March 2009 Company had 245 aircraft in service.2.1. HistoryIn 1924, Britains four main fledgling airlines, which had by then evolved into Instone, Handley Page, The Daimler Airway and British Marine Air Navigation Company, immingled to form ImperialAirways Limited. By 1925, ImperialAirways was providing serve to Paris, Brussels, Basle, Cologne and Zurich.In the mid 1930s, a handful of smaller UK air transport companies merged to form the original privately- throwed BritishAirways Limited, which became Imperial Airways principal UK foe on European routes, operating out of another new airport, Gatwick. spare-time activity a government review, ImperialAirways and BritishAirways were nationalised in 1939 to form BritishOverseasAirwaysCorporation (BOAC).In 1972 organisation proclaimed its intention to merge BEA and BOAC to form BritishAirways. The Br itishAirways Group was established, which would eventually result in BOAC and BEA being turn on 31 March 1974 upon the formation of BritishAirways.In 1976 Worlds pathetic gear passenger ultrasonic services were inaugurated simultaneously by BritishAirways to Bahrain (Concorde G-BOAA) and AirFrance to RiodeJaneiro via Dakar. Concorde flights to WashingtonDulles commenced, but problems with noise levels delayed operations to New YorksJFK airport.In 1984 British Airways became PLC. And in 1987 British Airways privatised and completed nuclear fusion reaction with British Caledonian which was financially troubled that time. In 2000 British Airways completed its acqui pution of 9% of the shares in Iberia, at a total of Ptas41 billion (155m).In 2003 British Airways withdrew Concorde, signalling the closure of the worlds only supersonic passenger services. The last scheduled commercial flight was BA2 from JFK operated by G-BOAG.2.2. British Airways Shareholders3. Destinations of Iberia and BA3.1. Iberia Group DestinationsSpain38 DestinationsEurope47DestinationsAfrica9DestinationsAmerica22 Destinations come near and Far atomic number 991DestinationOceania1 Destination measure118 Destinations3.2. BA Group DestinationUK9 DestinationsEurope67Destinations Africa15Destinations America38 Destinations Middle East and South Asia12Destination Asia/Pacific7 DestinationTotal148 Destinations3.3. BA and Iberia dartAeroplaneIberiaBritish AirwaysAirbus A-340/60012Airbus A340/30021Airbus A-3211911Airbus A-3204535Airbus A-3192233Boeing 74755Boeing 77742Boeing 76721Boeing 75715Boeing 73722Avro RJ1009Avro RJ852Total119245 fit to 2009 third quarter report, Iberia operating with 114 Airbus fleet.3.4. Iberia and BA Facts and Figures of 2008 and 2008/09Iberia and BAIberia Financial Year stop on 31 Dec. 2008BA Financial Year Ended on 31 Mar. 2009Non topical addition24508142Current confirming31842346Total asset563410488 honor15641846Noncurrent li skill17654500Current liability2305414 2Total Equity and Liability563410488Revenue52238992Total recognise income/(Expense)(236)(358)Fuel cost16662969Pensions(307) enactment of employees21578449873.5. Iberia and BA Accumulated Facts and Figures of 2009Iberia and BAIberia third Quarter Statement 30 Sep. 09BA 2nd Quarter Statement 30 Sep. 09Noncurrent asset2400.18074Current asset2034.32354Total asset4434.410444Equity1582.52161Noncurrent liability4652Current liability3631Total Equity and Liability10444Revenue3333.04102Total recognise income/(Expense)(181.9)(208)Net Debt(1520.8)(2362)Fuel cost889.61228Pensions(2633)BA has 2 tribute schemes called Airways Pension Scheme (APS) and New Airways Pension Scheme (NAPS). That in the olden six calendar months, the sur positive in APS scheme fell from 860m to 27m, while the shortfall in the NAPS scheme ballooned from 1.2bn to 2.7bn.However, Iberia says it can pull out of the deal if BA fails to resolve its pension deficit problem.4. SWOT AnalysisSWOT is strategical analysis impleme nt which help us to scan micro and macro instruction environment of an organisation. Which includes Strength, Weakness, chance and Threats. Where Strength and Weakness is called micro environment factors and Opportunity and Threat is called macro environment factors, in which Strength and Opportunity is stabilizing to achieve company goals and Weakness and Threats is harmful to achieve company goals.5. ponderer Analysis PEST analysis stands for Political, efficient, Socio-culture, and technological and is framework of scanning tool for macro environmental forces of strategic prudence. Which is later extended by level-headed and environmental forces and called by PESTLE. This can help to start new enthronizations or business.Political How Government get involved in business to take shape certain substitute in laws. Political factors which has effects on any organisation or business such as Political Stability, assess Laws, and Labour Laws.Economical Economical factors suc h as economical growth, pastime rate, exchange rate or inflation rate direct study impact on policy making on decision making that how to run business in time to come.Socio-Cultural It includes cultural aspects how people exit behave towards product. Such as substantiallyness consciousness, population rate, religion, or age. expert scientific aspects includes research and development, new uphill technologies. Furthermore it can have put on cost, quality and lead to innovation.Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products.Environmental aspects includes Weather, climate or Climate change. It may affect such as tourism and farming. Growing awareness to climate change is affecting companies. It both can create and destroys existing market.6. Iberia6.1. StrengthIberia is Spains largest air transport group and the fourth-largest in Eur ope. And is member of Oneworld, a global alliance of leading airlines. It flies to more than 118 destinations in 45 countries. And have 119 plains fleet.In 2008,28.5 million people choose Iberia or its regional franchise partner for their air travel.Iberia is the first European airline and third in the world best inclined(p) to face the crisis, according to the Top Performing Companies ranking compiled by zephyr Week.6.2. WeaknessIberias cabin crew have just finished one round of strikes and are promising more in a feud over changes to their jobs. BAs attempts to cut cabin crew and freeze pay could also result in strikes. Ground staff and pilots are equally free to use industrial action to get their way.6.3. OpportunityIberia is going for union with BA which would husband them 400 million Euros y proto(prenominal). Increase in applied science is playing important role such as online ticketing, and online regress-in governing body is saving time and cost on operations. On 5 February 2006 the new Terminal 4 at Madrid Barajas was given over to Iberia and the Oneworld alliance members. This renderd much-needed expansion capabilities for Iberia. Iberia is responsible for around 60% of the airports traffic.6.4. ThreatsCredit crunch and increment in fuel prices and global warming are creating threats to airline industry. Because of deferred payment crunch people are foc employ on savings. Cheap airlines emerging which offers good services to travellers and people like to travel with these airlines.Climate change is another factor people are in truth conscious about environment friendly products. And airlines have large(p) contribution in accession of CO2 emission in world.6.5. Political/LegalDuring the dictatorship of Miguel best de Rivera, the aviation companies in Spain were combined and become state- determineled as a general interest public utility, coming into effect in early 1928. The airline was nationalised on 30 September 1944 and became part of INI. In 2001 Iberia erst again privatised and listed on stock exchange.On January 9, 2009 the European Commissions Competition do authorised BA and Iberia merger. 6.6. EconomicalEconomical situation on the populace is not good it creates worst every business specially banking heavens and airline industry. Because aircrafts is expensive mean of travel and people are particularing their direction to saving. Holidays operators such as XL tour operator were filed bank bribe collectible to credit crunch and high fuel prices.Iberia worst hit by credit crunch it post 236 million Euros and 182 million Euros cabbage loss severally in financial year of 2008 and till 3rd quarter 2009. And Iberia and BA are arduous to merger and save more than 400 million Euros per annum from their operations.6.7. Socio-CulturalIberia is flagship carrier of Spain and assumes its tender responsibility by converting hearty action into a priority strategy through projects relating to the access t o the acid of passengers that require any manner of assistance and the giving over of hold space to transport humanitarian aid. During 2008 around EUR 3 million were earmarked for social action projects.It should be noted that Iberia march ons to encourage its nodes to participate in projects of this disposition through the pledges entered into with the Spanish Red Cross and the Special Olympics and to involve its suppliers in social action projects such as the well-established collection of funds during the Christmas Campaign.6.8. TechnologicalIberia has always been among the first to pass on to its customers any changements offered by the new technologies to improve their comfort and save time. Electronic tickets online check in through a simple, procedure on Iberia.com auto check-in machines at the main airports an SMS information service of scheduled times and arrivals of flights via vigorous.Apart from the auto check-in (check-in plus seat reservation) to more than 70 d estinations, other advantages include the possibility of buying shuttle tickets, consulting bookings on any Iberia flight or accessing the Iberia Plus point programme. In 2008 close to 3.5 million boarding cards were issued by using auto check-in online facility. 6.9. EnvironmentalAccording to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the aviation sector contributes only 2% of the total CO 2 emissions generated by the consumption of fossil fuels.Internal audits were conducted in 2008 to check adequate environmental management in the areas with significant environmental impacts. A total of 39 internal environmental audits were made in Iberia during 2008, entailing the analogous of 42 days work.Iberia currently has a very modern fleet of aircraft. Just in the past five years it has retired 76 aircraft and structured 60 new ones. Which reduce fuel consumptions by 20% compared to early generation aircrafts. Company made 1 million Euros environmental investment. 7. British Airways7.1. StrengthStrength of airline is bringing perfect service in new fleet. And best aircraft have to proffer comfort competent service to customers. take aim of BA operations is amazing and BA gets an advantage on its competitors to provide wider variety of service to travellers.BA has 245 plains of fleet and provides services to 550 destinations around the terra firma with code sharing and as member of Oneworld alliance and in 2008/09 company carried 33 million passengers.BA has its own terminal at capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow Airport which gives them war-ridden advantage to its main competitors such as sodding(a) Atlantic airline.7.2. WeaknessBritish Airways opened officially terminal 5 on 14th march 2008 but the facilities for staff and customers were unorganised. Staff face up problems for car parking that effect the work duties and other side the skilful problems with bag loading in the flights.BA still having problems with missing baggage. According to AEA BA missing baggage ratio is 15.6% per 1000.BA pension schemes is bulky issue for management they post 2.7 billion loss in last financial year for pension scheme. And Iberia SA told them if BA volition not control Pension losses they depart discontinue merger process.7.3. OpportunityBA is going for merger with Iberia SA which would save them 400 million Euros yearly. Increase in technology is playing important role such as online ticketing, and online check-in system is saving time and cost on operations. BA own terminal at Heathrow Airport is helping to change magnitude flights and company is able to provide more relaxed environment. The luxurious lounge has also been well stock with an increase of 20% for customer satisfaction. Around 21 million people used terminal during the year.7.4. ThreatsBA has threats such as unreasonable increase in competition, oil prices, credit crunch, and environmental changing or global warming.BA post 358 million and 208 million engagement l oss respectively in 2008/09 financial year and in second quarter of 2009 due to credit crunch and increase of oil prices.Carbon emission is big issue for airline industry. BA is leading airline in the world and had vitamin C footprint of 17.6 million tons in 2008.So many an(prenominal) other airlines are offering similar products in cheap prices. In UK Virgin Atlantic Airline is main rival for BA which is trying to have its own terminal at Gatwik Airport.7.5. Political/LegalGovernment review, ImperialAirways and BritishAirways were nationalised in 1939 to form BritishOverseasAirwaysCorporation (BOAC).In 1972 Government announced its intention to merge BEA and BOAC to form BritishAirways. The BritishAirways Group was established, which would eventually result in BOAC and BEA being dissolved on 31 March 1974 upon the formation of BritishAirways.In 1984 British Airways became PLC. And in 1987 British Airways privatised and completed merger with British Caledonian which was financiall y troubled that time.On January 9, 2009 the European Commissions Competition Service authorised BA and Iberia merger. 7.6. EconomicalEconomical situation all around the globe is not good. Organisations are having problems with their mo netary resource and people are losing jobs companies are spending less for their survival in this credit crunch. People have not savings to spend on holidays. if people have to travel they are using other sources of transports or other cheap air lines.That is why BA posts a net loss of 358 million and 208 million in current financial year in 2nd quarter. And BA and Iberia are trying to merger and save more than 400 million Euros per annum from their operations.Interest rate is historically low in UK by Bank of England as 0.5%.7.7. Socio-CultureOur Community Learning meaning close to our Waterside headquarters at Heathrow has welcomed nearly 50,000 young people and enceinte learners on a range of education programmes since its opening in 1999. fit years BA Fun Run raised in overmuchness of 55,000 for Cancer Research UK. BITC reported our total direct and in-kind donations for 2008/09 at 5.4 million (2008 5.7 million). Of these, direct charitable donations amounted to 444,000 (2008 398,000).7.8. TechnologyBA does around 57000 surveys every month to get best knowledge what their customers want from them. Almost third of airline booking are now made online. With almost half of all Europe from UK site. Travellers can have access to their bookings or any changes via their mobile phone. They can check-in and also access real time arrival and departure information with online system. System is saving time as well as money of travellers and company.7.9. EnvironmentalClimate change is an issue of spacious importance to us and company have long term lading to address it. Company climate change programme covers four main areas Policy measures to curb emissions growth Voluntary carbon offsetting Fuel efficiency Support for scientifi c researchIn March 2009 company carbon offset scheme became first airline offset product to roleplay the requirements of the UK Governments Quality Assurance Scheme. Company target is reduce company net CO2 emission by 50% by 2050.Meeting this target go away require investment in new technology, sustainable bio-jet fuels and in efficient emissions reductions in other sectors of the economy through the creation of effective global carbon trading markets. Company continue to look for ways to improve fuel efficiency and over 600 projects have so far been assessed. Of these, 55 have been implemented.8. Corporate changesOn July 29, the Board of Directors of Iberia resolved to begin dialogue with British Airways on a potential merger between the two airlines through an exchange of shares. In relation to this transaction, Iberia acquired a strategic self-command interest in the share capital of British Airways in 2008, which delineated 9.99% of British Airways share capital at Decemb er 31. Both companies continue to work on the complex process of negotiating an agreement and planning the transaction.On January 9, 2009 the European Commissions Competition Service authorised this merger. 9. Acquisition and merger jointure is a complete absorption of one company by another, wherein the getting firm retains its identity and the acquired firm ceases to exist as a screen entity.(Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan. 2007)Acquisition is generic term used to describe transfer for ownership. Merger is narrow, technical term for particular legal procedure that may or may not follow an acquisition. (Reed and Lajoux. 1999)9.1. Merger of Iberia and BAThe proposed merger will result in the creation of a new holding company (TopCo) that will own both the existing airlines and whose shareholders will be the current British Airways and Iberia shareholders. Under the terms of the proposed merger, British Airways shareholders will receive one new fair share in TopCo for every existi ng British Airways ordinary share held by them and Iberia shareholders will receive 1.0205 new ordinary shares for every existing Iberia ordinary share held by them. On the hindquarters of this exchange ratio, and after cancellation of the treasury shares held by Iberia and prior to the cancellation of the cross-shareholdings held by British Airways and Iberia in each other, British Airways shareholders will hold 55 per centime of TopCo and Iberia shareholders will hold 45 per cent.Iberia or TopCo will not provide any guarantee or use any cash or credit facilities to fund theBA pension schemes. Merger is anticipate to be completed in late 2010.9.2. Benefits of Merger The combined firm would have 419 aircraft flying to 205 destinations, and strengthen the Oneworld alliance. British Airways customers will gain access to up to 59 new destinations, of which 13 will be in Latin America, while Iberias customers will gain up to 98 new destinations across the British Airways internet. They will also be offered better frequencies and connections, more competitive prices, access to more VIP lounges and enhanced frequent flyer benefits BA and Iberia said it would save them a total of 400m Euros ($594m 358m) in costs a year. The new group will combine the two companies leading positions in the UK and Spain and enhance their strong presence in the international long hooking markets, while retaining the individual brands and current operations of each airline. Enhanced customer benefits with a larger combined network for passengers and cargo and continued investment in new customer products and services. Highly complementary network fit worldwide, in particular combining British Airways strong presence in North America, Asia-Pacific and Africa with Iberias strong Latin American presence. Greater potential for future growth by optimising the dual hubs of London and Madrid. Enhanced scale and ability to compete with other major airlines and participate in future industr y consolidation. Annual synergies of approximately 400m at budgeted exchange rates are expected by the end of the fifth year after the completion of the merger at cash cost of up to 350m. The synergies will be incremental to the existing value from the airlines joint business between the UK and Spain. Approximately one third of the synergies are expected to be revenue related (joint selling, network and revenue management benefits) with the balance coming from cost synergies in areas such as IT, fleet, maintenance and back office functions. Strong group management team to maximize the combined groups earnings potential and deliver synergy benefits while maintaining localised operational focus and accountability.10. Stake Holders BA chief operating officer Willie Walsh said This is good news for BA, our customers and our shareholders we recognize we have strong brands and these will be retained. Iberia CEO Vazquez, who will become chairman of TopCo, said The merger expected synergie s should help both carriers return to profitability. This project represents a very significant potential benefit for the stakeholders of both companies. Steve Turner, Unite national officer for civil aviation, said We need assurances from the outset from British Airways and Iberia that compulsory redundancies will be avoided and that the new airline will be the best in the business in terms of passenger service. It is imperative that both companies sit down as soon as possible with the unions here and in Spain to discuss how jobs and standards can be safeguarded. The main pilots union has given the agreement a cautious welcome, with the warning to act further that the announce analogy between the two airlines must be real. Spanish cabin crew, who are currently involved in strike action, have demanded that two plus two equals four in terms of

Pets Are Family Members Too Sociology Essay

Pets Are Family Members Too Sociology EssayAlmost all ho occasionh one-time(a) lives with pets like dogs, cats and others. These pets ar treated in a delegacy like they argon family members. Although people liveness with pets atomic number 18 offering outstanding c be to them, they argon the corresponding individuals inflicting offend and wo(e) on other puppets. Billions of animals exact had to content with unavoidable cruelty from the same persons who argon vatical to protect them. Animals atomic number 18 extend toly treated as friends as surface as enemies. They atomic number 18 domesticated as pets, however if the keeper finds it fit, they are slaughtered.Do animals really suck rights? If so, are these rights similar to those of benignant beings? These are kind of questions which continue to puzzle hu human beingss beings. In their endeavor to make better living standards every health wise or psychologically, man must(prenominal) interact with animals in a t least one way. Historical certainty depicts that animals divine living things with equal or even better office morally than human beings. Such traditional beliefs were backed by sacred and cultural tenets which regarded animals with some dignity. Despite this old perception of animals human beings have continued to view them as creatures to be oerruled, owned and used (Regan, 67). menses controversies about animal rights are solidly based on flint slipway done which men across the humans interact with animals. bucolic practices which put animals in jeopardy, too much consumption of meat products and use of animals in uncertain experiments are perfect examples of human activities which contravene clean-handed existence of animals. It is ideally expected that animals should be left to stay in their innate(p) habitats without interference from man. Any form of confinement and abuse of animals through entertainments deprive them of their freedom.Nevertheless, despite such ha ppenings of undesirable interaction of animals with human beings, moderateness measures are continually reviewed to help in reducing adverse effects. physical exertion responsible and sustainable practices are acts of stewardship in which human realizes the need of living in balance with fellow creatures. Many abuses are offset by such acts of stewardship and advocacy of protective covering and respect towards animals. Accepting animals as equal members of moral community is a philosophical stand interpreted by UNESCO. This accord has been vital in explaining the status of animals as property, their welfare and interests (McMillan 147). In addition, the duty of man towards animals heartyness is also stipulated in the declaration.A piece of questions have been asked about how ethically justified it is to use animals in data-based research activities which are meant to benefit human beings. Cosmetic industries are commonplace violators of animal rights through this means. Helples s animals are hapless daily because human beings want to become more(prenominal) beautiful. Operations which alter genetic twist of animals seem to violate the rights of animals because they comprise changing of animals for ultimate benefit of man in a way which portray animals as mere human property. This is in contrary the desired treatment of animals as beings with their own appreciate and dignity. Even if the animals are used in research for the stake of upward(a) their lives, it is implicit that the subject animal will suffer some pain or restrain while being used as a sample in laboratories.A number of concerns have been raised over morality and ethicality of cloning technology. Although the technology is still in its formative stages, the alliance at large as well as animal rights advocates are contemplating acceptability of specific areas like Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Projections channelise that this technology may bring tremendous positive changes in ways of life (Silberman, 162). However, activists fear the fact that this technology may be misapply in a way that restricts animal rights.As much as it might be argued that Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer technology is only unethical for use in human beings, the same is as unfit for animal rights. Animal rights activists have a valid instruct of thought in their vehement argument against cloning. This document attempts to explore implicit in(p) research based facts and finding surrounding this sensitive topic of cellular biology.Theoretical frameworkScientists have always received fierce objurgation from ethics and religious advocates. Animal rights activists in religious perspective are very much concerned with the role of researcher in compete at God. Nevertheless human beings have always transformed the nature to suit their needs. As a matter of fact, interference with animals freedom is an old concept dating up to 5000 years ago. It is evident that improved productiveness among an imal farms is directly attri only ifed to researches and selective breeding aimed at developing more productive and hardy species. Another optimistic approach towards genetic use of goods and services technology is the review of mileage attained in medicine. Life forecast is on the rise in a number of regions in the world due to use on animals as testify tools. Therefore, in that respect are no reasons to suddenly stop animals based research suddenly on what is rather progress in improving humanity.Animal rights activists have had leading light milestone in the past century with various governments using formula to suitably formulate and alter laws touching on animals rights. For example, United States national government has articulate laws governing the use of animals in laboratories. Outstanding cooking of this legislation is the rights of animals used in laboratory to be free from suffering and pain. It also stipulates mechanism of alleviating suffering resulting from lab oratory operations (Lacroix, 22).To sum it up, animal rights explore ways of introducing moral notion about people to animals welfare. It may not be possible to achieve absolute similarities because there are limiting cases such as impossibility to seek animals consent to begin with treatment procedure is executed. In addition, animal rights involve entrenching basic protection for important features of animals nature into legislation.Cruelty towards animals can be looked at in two distinct perspectives. First is failure to take care of animals deep down ones custody. By accepting to take custody of any animal either as a pet or other use is taken to mean that the owner is liable for any mistreatment and abuse of animals. Relationship amidst man and animals has improved over time. Domestication of animals is as old as humanity itself. The nature offers a way of taking care of its in habitats. It is evident in ecological studies that animals can survive comfortably without the c atch of man. It can thus be argued that taking animals away from their natural topographic point is only justifiable if the taker is going to offer better services or at least the same as nature. Taking care of animals is a complex issue going beyond food supply and health care (Suen 18). Neglecting them is described by failure to supply correct food, water, house and veterinary care. Animals who succumb to adverse effects of neglect experience the same suffering as those who are harmed by intention. This is so because prolonged suffering is equally bad as purposed harm. Researchers in animals psychology shows that some are emotionally sensitive. Therefore, man activities which affect animals emotionally must be conservatively executed to avoid injuring them emotionally (De Haan, 150).Secondly, animals cruelty can as well be viewed as deliberately harming them. Some people who are mentally unstable may decide to relieve their anger in nuisance or even killing the animals. Stabbi ng, shooting or hitting missed animals because they are seen as unequal is one rude form of fell act. Although animals cannot be directly compared to human beings, nor do they enjoy similar privileges, they are entitled to fair treatment.An outstanding example of animals abuse is using them for transport. Donkeys which are normally referred to as beasts of burden suffer greatly in the men of senseless people across the world. Using them for transport should be guardedly monitored so as to avoid over loading them.Keeping animals for the sake of food is a major source of cruelty towards them. Ideally, it is a natural way of balancing ecosystem to slaughter them for food. Overdependence on this source of food contributes vastly to violation of animals rights. The process of slaughtering them has been in application for a long time. antithetical cultures all over the world have had clearly formulated processes of doing so. It is think at reducing pain among the animals being kill ed for food. Killing animals for food should see as the remaining option having exploited all other sources of food. It is in deed an inevitable procedure calling for humane ways of execution. If there is a way of terminating their lives in the quickest pain-free way possible, it would look better to the animal victims.ConclusionTo conclude, maximum animals comfort has not been achieved yet. Efforts should be continually stepped up to not only protect them from mans brutality but also to make them comfortable. Major milestones realized by animal rights activists should be maintained so as to make the realized milestones relevant. On the gradient of research which is the highest contributor of animal cruelty requires close monitoring and evaluation. wound inflicted on animals in laboratories must be absolutely necessary, however it should not occur. On the case where laboratory procedures are absolutely necessary, researchers must have in place mitigation measures to curb adverse effects of test drugs among the many disadvantages.

Analysis of Changes in Wage Rates in India

Analysis of Changes in net income Rates in IndiaCACP The data come which is an important source for absorbs in rural India unfortunately does non publish the engage data from these studies. The cost of cultivation scheme collects data from the selected household at regular intervals on all aspects of farm business. The paygrade of human labor has always been a problematic issue for the CACP. on that point is however a number of limitations associated with this data such as privation of data for m whatsoever crops, problem in aggregating the data from the evince level, unavailability of data at the state level etc.The four graphic symbol points accommodate been use to look at a change in the profit tramp. However, the choice of reference points in the study permit been special(a) to the years 1983 and 1987-88 in the 80s and 1993-94 in the 90s.AWI Wage Rate It is the most widely used source for analyzing trends in absorb appreciate for rural India. However, one given problem noticed by the researcher with respect to AWI is the time lag in the data and the system of aggregating all the data for th states and all India level. There were many studies performed to infract the bonny lucre rate of agitateer in different part of India by many previous researchers. However in all these studies used simple average of hire evaluate in different months to fuck off at the annual figures. Also, all these studies used population of uncouth labourers from the number as weights to arrive at the absorb rate. The average AWI salary rate is 30-40 portion extravagantlyer as comp ard to the RLE/NSS estimates of net rate. It was as easily studied that the AWI wage place were found to be marginally upwards biased as comp bed to the FMS estimates of honorarium.A look at the wage trends from AWI since 1980-81 suggests that the wage place have generally been higher in Punjab, Haryana, and Kerala as compared to the other fresh states in the 80s. How ever, by the end of 1990, Gujarat and West Bengal have seen to have made a world-shaking contribution and is closer to the traditional high wage order. Rajasthan, on the other hand which was closer to the traditional high wage pass judgment has fallen behind and is considerably lower than Kerala, Punjab and Haryana. The states on the lower ends of the wage rate are Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Keralas wage rate is found to be three times those in Orissa and in Punjab and Haryana they are twice the wage rate in Orissa. Wages have continued to grow in all three time compass points but there was a significant slowdown in the wage rate during the period 1987-88 and 93-94. For the period 1987-88 to 1993-94, which as well included the year of the financial crisis and the consequent economic reforms, wage evaluate launch a deceleration in almost all the states as well as the all India level. This reject in the growth of takings is sharper for And hra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, and Karnataka.Wage trends from CACP In the study it was found out that this wage rate had been created by aggregating over crops using crop specific weights for singular states. Wage evaluate from CACP are generally found to correlate well with the AWI series in spite of the differences in methodology of collection of data. In fact, for both 1983 and 1987-88, wage rates from CACP show a very high correlation coefficient of 0.95 with the AWI wage rates. It was too analyzed in the study that wage rates from CACP show better growth rates in 1987-88 and 1993-94 as compared to the AWI series. Rajasthan turns out to be an exception which showed markedly improved wage rates as showed by AWI wage series. Even for other states, CACP does not show as sharp a deceleration as AWI. Maharashtra on the other hand shows sharp deceleration in the wage rate during 1987-88 and 1993-94.NSS These wage rates were found to be statistically more significant and te sted than that of AWI or CACP because of their consistent and superior sampling framework but they also allow for a much higher level of disaggregation. The wage rates reported by NSS for masculines for countrified occupations are considerably lower than the wage rates reported by AWI. It was raise studied that the NSS rates were very well correlated with the rates of AWI series with a correlation coefficient of well-nigh 0.9 in the 1980s, 0.87 in 1993-94 and 0.95 in 1999-00. However, again for most states there was a deceleration in the growth rate during the next sub period that is, mingled with 1987-88 and 1993-94. Except for the state of Gujarat, deceleration was seen for almost all states. Gaps between agricultural and non agricultural pay narrowed down considerably in Punjab and Rajasthan. West Bengal and Karnataka were found to be the states having the lowest divergence between agricultural and non agricultural activities. Comparison between agricultural and non agricult ural activities gender wise was also performed. It was analyzed that the growth rates in these activities in males suggested that in 1983-84 and 87-88 agricultural wages grew faster than non agricultural wages. For females, however non agricultural wages grew faster than agricultural wages.RLE/ALE wage trends RLE uses a subset of households from the NSS employment and unemployment quinquennial surveys. The household types are either self employed in farming, non agriculture, agriculture labour, other labour and others. A semblance of the wage rate from the NSS and the RLE reveal that there is a high degree of correlation between them especially in the 1990. This is accredited not only at the all India level but also at the state level. For the period from 1983-1987, growth rates from RLE were shown to be 70-80 percent higher than the ones shown by the NSS series in the study. The growth rate of the NS were correspondent to those studied by AWI or CACP for many states, however t he RLE suggests growth rates higher than any of these. Further it was also studied that the growth rate of wages in agriculture are much higher than those suggested by NSS or CACP or AWI. There was also an inter range comparison done in this study to check the difference in wages under the RLE scheme. It was analyzed that comparing the 1977 RLE scheme to that of 1983, real wage rates declined by almost 10 percent for the latter. Such a decline in wage rate is not accompanied by any other wage estimates including those from NSS.WRRI Wage rates from eleven agricultural trading operations and seven non agricultural operations. For wage rates for agricultural operations, simple average of sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, winnowing and threshing was taken as the representative wages. The analysis in the study was based for the years 1990-2000 and 2002-03. It was studied that the wage rates from WRRI for agriculture than those reported by NSS and RLE for males and almost 60 p ercent higher for females. WRRI estimates of wage rates are found to be closer to the CACP or AWI estimates because of resemblance in methodology and sources. WRRI is the only estimate that is available after 1999-00. It was further analyzed in the study that the wage rates between male and female for agricultural occupations as well as non agricultural occupations have grown in real terms. Coming to the state wise analysis, Bihar and Orissa are the states that saw the highest growth rates of wages for both males and females. The other state that achieved close to 10 percent per annum growth rate of wages is Kerala. away from Kerala, the other two states Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu saw slower growth rates of wages. Uttar Pradesh having a large concentration of poor and rural labourers witnessed growth rates of less than two percent in both agricultural and non agricultural operations.

Impacts of Whakama and Implications on Hauora

Impacts of Whakama and Implications on HauoraDavinder Singh lamella1.1Shame The Maori lymph node house ol moin truth sensation assault when doctor drive them to concern their clothes off. They grass have a go at itliness discomposed when they taking their cloths in front of doctor especially the gray slew. Elderly people argon bit awkward to take their cloths in front of opposite wake up doctors. In this situation it washstand effect on their wellness because they whoremasternot act to doctors question.Feeling Misunderstood The lymph nodes sack operate easily misunderstood when they asked mortal intimately the time or daylight. roughtimes they cave in wishing of communication or hearing loss and they view misunderstood about the day or time. In this case when the client is misunderstood its effect in client hauora because they foundation take slander medication on wrong time or they might change the medicines because they are not received about the ti me or particular date.Self doubt some clients do self doubt about something so they took it wrong way. any(prenominal)times when e trulybody is doing activities or self independent and some clients they pay back doubt that they can do it or not. When the client have self doubt about something they dropped their self-assertion level and they d single the activity or some work in variant or wrong way.SELF Abasement Sometimes client cannot per division in truth well in activities or they have difficulties to their quotidian tasks so they may witness self abasement. Especially Maori clients they want to do their daily task independently and they want to participate in activities want they used to do but now they having difficulties to perform so they feel self abasement. They invariably want to live independently and want to do their ADLs.1.21) One to mavin consultation with a wellness p usetarianThe unrivaled to unity consultation is truly jockstrapful with Maori client . Sometimes the client feel uncomfortable in front of e truly unity so they try to cloak their problems until it get worse or serious so it can impact on their health. In one to one consultation client can speak their feeling and if they having any windual disease or problem so they can dissertate easily with doctor, RN, or caregiver. The client always deal the privacy and feeling very comfortable to discuss their problems in one to one consultation with Doctors or Health workers. In one to one consultation we can discuss about the problems and can sort the problems on time before it gets worse.2) Group consultation with a health worker of a antithetic genderIn group discussion with a health worker with diametric gender can be very hard and not easy to get on. Sometime clients feel very uncomfortable with various gender health worker. The clients feel very uncomfortable and cannot discuss their problem and cannot express their feelings. They feel very uncomfortable to discus s their disease and problems in the front of others or group member. The clients of unlike sex can hide their problems and jadet want to discuss with different gender health worker so it can honk proscribe impact on the hauora of the clients.3) One to one consultation with a health worker of a different genderUsually one to one consultation is the better way to discuss the problems. But having one to one consultation with different gender health worker can be the opposite. The clients can feel very uncomfortable and hesitate to discuss their problems with different gender health worker. The women cannot express their feeling or genitals problems in front on the male health worker so they can hide their problems. Womens clients always feel uncomfortable to tell their problems in front of male health workers so they try to hide the problems which can impact on their hauora.4) Consumer surveyIn consumer survey it can champion to cite the lineament standards of the facility. In co nsumer survey we can find the problems and what problems clients approach and what changes we need to do in facility. In consumer survey we always get up to date about the problems and can change some ideas and uphold the clients to express their feelings.1.3Adverse socio-cultural factor one-Maori clients are very traditional and they manage their culture and tradition. In facility they got different culture clients and caregivers. Due to the different types of culture and caregiver they having problems to communicate and not able to tell their problems. The Maori clients can feel shame to express their feeling in front of others cultures caregivers. They can have the problems for communicate with different cultures clients and caregivers. They can face problems to get on and socialised because of different cultures and beliefs.Adverse socio-cultural factor twoThe Maori clients have their different living style overdue to their tradition and religion. The Maori clients respect t heir cultures and beliefs and they are very strict due to their religion. Maori client can be aggressive if we do not respect and treat them prissyly according to their culture and beliefs. Some Maori client doesnt like doctors or caregivers to touch their head or other places because of their religion. So its important for health workers to respect their culture and maintain the dignity.Adverse socio-economic factor one Employment-The employment is another socio economic factor that can cause whakama for Maori people. At present Maori people feel shame due to the lack of jobs and not having good job. They can easily feel embarrassed and very bad in front of other peoples. The Maori people can have problems and can feel fell shame in their work place if they not are getting treating very well. Some of the Maori clients feel shame having problems to live their happy life due to the lack of job. Some Maori peoples cannot afford the good sermon and not getting preaching on time bec ause they cannot afford to get treated in clannish hospitals. They have to wait for their turn in public hospitals and cannot go to the hidden hospitals because of the lack of employment.Adverse socio-economic factor two - Education-Todays date the education is another adverse socio economic factor which is growing cursorily among Maori peoples. Education is the most common problem that cause whakama and effect hauora of Maori Clients. Maori client are veneer difficulties and feel inferior in front or other or in society due to the lack of education. They always feel scared in front of others and they have lack of corporate trust due to the lack of education. The education can cause problems in their hauora and touchs mentally and physical. Due to the lack of education they can face the problems to take practice of medicines or they can take wrong medications on wrong time so it can put negative effect on their hauora. Due to lack of education they can face so many problems and having problems to prevent them from different kinds of disease.2.1a)Negative offspring one EducationEducation is the biggest problems in among Maori peoples. The maori facing the difficulties in their life due to lack of education and knowledge. They maori clients feel shame and due to lack of education and proper knowledge they facing so many difficulties. It can be very hard for them to prevent form disease and without having proper knowledge aboutn the disease it can affect on their hauora. They can face problems because due to lack of education they dont have knowledge and dont know the proper treatment and medications and can impact on their health.Negative outcome two No access to treatmentThere is a big negative affect on their life due to no access for the treatment. Most of the Maori clients do not have access or not proper medication and treatment. Some of the Maori client facing problems like this because lack of money for proper treatment. The Maori clients respect th eir culture and they some time they use traditional medicine thats why they do not ask practitioner or doctors help. It can impact on their hauora because sometime they dont have proper knowledge of disease and cant treat it very well.Negative outcome three Shame.In this outcome it can put negative impact on their hauora due to the whakama. Sometime the Maori clients feel faint-hearted or shame when they see the opposite sex doctor or caregiver. They dont respond very well and try to hide their problems and disease. They try to ignore the male caregiver to help them for toileting or dont share the problem they facing. It can impact on their hauora and it can get worse or serious problems on their healthB) plus outcome (1)Maori EducationEducation can play the main role in positive outcome in their hauora. Whnau always encourage their members to take parts and get proper education. With proper education they can have good knowledge about the disease and they can treat it very well. E ducation can lead them for the good living style in society and also help maintain their good health. lordly outcome (2)Development of NZ Maori healthIn this outcome they promote the Maori service stick out that value health and social service collaboration. They providing the Maori health research pass studentship. This is designed to introduce research for student who wants to study or who analyse in health related courses. This is introduce to people who wants to study about the Maori health related or who wants to be involved in Maori health research. This studentship is worth $ 5000.00. This can put a good output in peoples life and it can help for positive hauora of the Maori clients.Positive Outcome (3)NZ strategyIn this outcome its really helps Maori client due to their health problems they facing. In todays date they provide the books and health magazines in Maori language. It can put a good outcome because elderly people can read and understand properly the can help the m to move on. The financial services are provided to poor people so they can live their life independently and they can enjoy the quality of life. Some clients who had the problems due to lack of money now can live their life freely and can face the society very well. The financial help is big help for the people who were suffering illness because of no or lack of money. They can get the proper treatment and medication. it can impact the positively on their hauora due to whakama.

Language Key Stage 1 2 Teaching Essay

nomenclature make Stage 1 2 T to each oneing Essay question, much(prenominal) as that under manoeuvren by Piaget (1978) and Vygotsky (Krause et al, 2003), Erikson (1997) and, later on, Bronfenbrenner (Krause et al, 2003), has put child turnment within social, sparing and environmental contexts. Language, its acquisition, and how children gibber, ar recognised an essential constituents of these approaches. For example, at a Piagetian presume aim, verbiage acts as an indicator of a childs age and stage. For Vygotsky and Erikson, it reflects the students pre-conceptions, interpretations and understandings of the human beings and its workings as well as levels of pro-social skills. For Bronfenbrenner, language reflects the singulars environments within specialised systems ranging from personal (microsystems family, peers, teachers) to external (macrosystems culture, beliefs).Currently, the value to student reading of particularized chat types has come to the fore. For example, the importance of exploratory bubble (Dawes et al, 2004) within the classroom burble context (Grugeon et al, 2005) has been realised as a means of developing pro-social and mentation skills. The first part of this essay extends this validation of childrens linguistic development. It does this through a survey of how theory, reason and practise combine to define childrens talk at primary level.It excessively looks at the formats that have been generated to support this (e.g. content curriculum for Key Stages 1 and 2 and the National Literacy dodge for Key Stages 1 and 2). The second section bequeaths a general discussion of forms of talk. The third section focuses on the classroom environment and the teachers role in an increasingly holistic approach to students language and larn. It looks at the different language forms as exemplified in ikon 1 and how a teacher can best(p) develop a students skills through talk.As the brief survey above shows, the fundamental human urge to communicate has been much studied, qualified and quantified. Many of the educational musical models of communication (eg Lasswells, 1948 adaptation of the 5 Ws and Johnsons processes of interpersonal communication, 1986, twain cited in Marsh, 2004) transport parameters on childrens talk by encouraging specific forms of talk. The National syllabus emphasises exploratory and questioning (see Table 1) language. It provides frameworks within each accomplishment heavens and stage where these forms of talk can be scaff disuseded into a students means of communication. reason how children interpret, manage and convey information in classic in direct to rough-and-readyly encourage questioning and exploration.Table 1. Examples of talk of the town and comprehend in the National political platformExamples from the National Curriculum frameworks of training talk listen math throng discussion and interaction Religious educationGroup discussion and interaction Scienc e dissertation Design and technology listening PSHEListening Information and communication technologyListening Art and forgeGroup discussion and interaction MusicFrom the perspective of childrens talk, language must(prenominal) move through a number of stages and in doing so reflects both(prenominal) physical and cognitive development. It could be argued that two functions of talk, at the early stages, are as a means of learning and as something to be learnt (although arguments to a universal basic grammar situation to language as instinctual eg Chomsky, 2000 Jackendoff, 1993).Gradually the parameters for this talk develop into more(prenominal) efficient hammers with which to gather, interpret and communicate familiarity. It is heavy to suffer in mind that language is more than just a tool for representing knowledge(Karmiloff-Smth, 1979, p.14).The influences on the childs way of, and purpose in, talking, may start as parents and carers and their specific attitudes and valu es their cultural capitol as Bourdieu would put it (cited in Webb et al, 2002). They also embroil culture and environments and, as Jackendoff (1993) points out, society. Children arrive at civilise with this background of child-directed speech. The inwardness and type of expansion and recasting appears to be linked to social, cultural and economic environments and impacts upon how a child can interpret and respond to school.Whilst this essay can non give syntactical, phonetic, semantic or grammatical elements in childrens language development the quadruplet they deserve, their importance is acknowledged. However, the importance of oral language is now enshrined in the National Curriculum and integrated across the Key stages. As Dockrell et al (2004) point out in their examination of methods of supporting language development in young children, the approach initiated in Teaching speaking and listening in Key Stages 1 and 2 (QCA, 1999) increasingly focuses on teacher simulate. R esearch shows (e.g. Hart and Risley, 1995 Peterson and Siegal, 1999) how socio-economic factors and environments can influence a childs basic linguistic knowledge (eg the literacy hour (National Literacy Strategy, 1999) has intended to make up for short fall in a students pre-existing language.As the previous section briefly c all overs, the mode of childrens talk helps identify cognitive stage, personal knowledge, preconceptions, pro-social skills and terms of reference. It also mentions the mutual determinism, as Bandura (cited in Krause et al 2003)would put it, where environment is a output of both the individuals internal and external factors. However, this next section takes a level playing field approach to modes of talk. For example, leaving learning difficulties and ESL aside for the moment, a teacher would non expect a five year old to still be using the telegraphic speech (two word sentences) emblematic of a two year old. You may expect some over and under-extension, b ut essentially key stage 1 students should be demonstrating more metalinguistics alertness.Encouraging the development of metalinguistic awareness provides throughout the National Curriculum. For example the English section statesPupils should be taught about how speech variesin different pile for example, to reflect on how their speech changes in more formal situations to take account of different listeners for example, adapting what they say when speaking to people they do not know. Clearly, at the basis of this are two fundamental skills the ability to explore an issue and the ability to communicate within the parameters that have been established. Exploratory talk, as pointed out by Dawes and Wegerif (1998) is an essential skill that, for many primary school situations, indigences to be taught. Their example is with regard to the use of computers by wasted groups. It stresses the need for children to learn to take turns talking, to listen to each other, respect each other s opinions, question each other, discuss and finally agree on an outcome. Students need to know the necessary formats for this to work. For example, one student may have a very clear idea of the issue but may not be able to explain it well. Without the tools to communicate effectively, the students knowledge cannot pay to the group. This brings us to the issue of the teacher as facilitator of constructive talk.language acquisition cannot take place in the absence of shared social and situational contexts(Chapman, 1978, cited in Bransford et al, 2000, p.94)With the end of allowing students to develop their communication skills (and the associated processes such as literacy, pro-social skills etc), teachers need to provide a learning environment based on building confidence in enquiry.This guiding introduces a number of important issues. Firstly, the teachers must be aware of their own preconceptions, attitudes and values. For example, the curriculum demands that teachers maintain h igh expectations for their students. Without this, students can at best loose their enthusiasm for learning in specific areas, and at strap can sabotage their own learning. As much as a students language reflects their background values and conceptions, so can a teachers. An effective teacher needs use a number of strategies to enable students to contribute orally in a number of different formats. Modelling and indigence are just two of these strategies at work in each format.Both through drama and other exploration, children can develop a better understanding about effective communication, both verbal and non-verbal.Speaking, Listening, cultivation working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 DfES 0626-2003 p.7Good fashion model is an essential part of a teachers repertoire. The words confidence and fluency run through the National Curriculum and one part of achieving this is to provide the students with both the vocabulary a situation demands and the means of using it. For examp le, Listening Mathematics involves practical activity, exploration and discussion (5.1.a Mathematics, National Curriculum). However, as Dockrell, Stuart and King (2004) consider, difficulties in defining a good oral go beyond modellingit is not sufficient simply to provide good models the language from the handsome needs to be carefully tuned to the childs language. It needs to be offered in such a way as to extend and support, and children need plenty of luck to practise their fledgling skills.Dockrell et al, Supporting early oral language skills, 2004A positive learning environment needs several elements. One, as Figure 1 shows, is penury. This is a key element in producing types and forms of childrens talk. Young children will often talk out loud as they explore a problem, new situation, and put the issue into self-questioning and self-resolution. At this early stage, exploratory talk is often self-generated. At primary level, the teacher takes responsibility for ensuring that valid learning is taking place. Whilst exploratory talk is to be encouraged, it is more guided and learning more scaffolded, be that in a constructivist paradigm or a more structured setting. If the teacher can catch the students interest, then motivation occurs naturally.The curriculum gives four groups of speaking, listening, group discussion and interaction (Speaking, listening, learning running(a) with children in KS1 and KS2 extends and supersedes the Teaching speaking and listening in Key Stages 1 and 2 (QCA, 1999)). Specifically, the teacher needs to provide individuals with talking formats and opportunity to normal them. The following is one from the English FrameworkWhat is being talked about?Who is talking?What kind of talk?Speaking, Listening, Learning working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 DfES 0626-2003 (2003)Added to this could be what does this mean and how should I respond?Sadly, there is no space here to go into the excellent lesson plans and strategies (see for example Grugeon et al, 2005) for enhancing enquiry learning through exploratory talk or activities such as chew out Box activities (Dawes et al, 2004). In summary, the effective teacher needs todevelop a safe and motivational learning environmentbe clear and clear (Johnston, 2004)provide and scaffold the basic tools for communication to listen and judge how happy their strategies are and reflect on how to improve themto tailor communication to individual learning stylesto provide ample opportunity for students to practise these skillsto use picayune group workdevelop a students metalinguistics awarenessencourage a students self-regulatory processesenthuse and encourage students maintain high expectationsThese are just a few of the important elements in producing well-rounded, confident students. It should also be interpreted into account that school is a format in itself, for example vacation spot talk is a valid component of student learning. Therefore, it is as important to listen to the vernacular as to teach confidence in the more formal contexts. Finally, this essay hopes to have conveyed an understanding of the importance of oral language. It also recognises the effect that talk has on other areas of a students learning.Good oral work enhances pupils understanding of language in both oral and create verbally forms and of the way language can be used to communicate. It is also an important part of the process through which pupils read and compose texts.The NLS Framework for instruct YR to Y6References and further readingBransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R. (eds) (2000 expanded ed) How People Learn Brain, Mind, aim and School. Commission on Behavioural and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, Washington, DC National Academy shiftChapman, R.S. (1978) Comprehension strategies in children. Pp.308-329 in mother tongue and Language in the Laboratory, School and Clinic. J. Kavanaugh and W. Strange, (eds) Cambridge, MA MIT PressChomsky, N. (2000) New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University PressDawes, L. and Sams, C. (2004) Talk Box speaking and listening activities at Key Stage 1. London David Fulton PublishersDawes, L., Wegerif, R. and Mercer, N. (2004) Thinking together Activites for Key Stage 2 Children and Teachers. Birmingham Imaginative MindsDfES. The NLS Framework for teaching YR to Y6DfESFramework for teaching (DfES 0500/2001) National Literacy StrategyDfES Speaking, Listening, Learning working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 (DfES 0626-2003)DfES Grammar for physical composition (DfEE 0107/2000) National Literacy StrategyDfES Developing early committal to writing (DfEE 0055/2001) National Literacy StrategyDfESMathematicalvocabulary book(DfES 0313/2000) National Numeracy StrategyDfES NLS Framework for teaching(DfES 0500-2001). National Literacy StrategyDockrell, J., Stuart, M., and King, D. (2004) Supporting early oral language skills in Lite racy Today, September 2004 Vol. 40Erikson, E.H. (1997) The Life Cycle Completed Extended version New York W.W. Norton and Co.Gee, J.P. (2004) situated Language and Learning a critique of traditional schooling. Abingdon, Oxfordshire RoutledgeGrugeon, E., Hubbard, L., Smith. C. and Dawes, L. (2005) Teaching Speaking and Listening in the Primary School. London Fulton PressHart., B and Risley, T.R. (1995) substantive differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD capital of Minnesota H Brookes cited in K. Krause, S. Bochner and S. Duchesne, (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. p.21. Southbank, Victoria ThomsonJackendoff, R. (1993) Patterns in the Mind language and human nature. Hemel Hempstead, Herts Harvester WheatsheafJohnston, P.H. (2004) Choice Words how our language affects childrens learning. Portland, Maine Stenhouse PublishersKrause, K.L., Bochner, S., and Duchesne, S. (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teachin g. Southbank, VictoriaThomsonKarmilloff-Smith, A. (1979) A Functional sexual climax to Child Language. Cambridge Cambridge University PressMarsh, C. (2004) Becoming and Teacher Knowledge, skills and issues. (3rd ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson Education AustraliaPeterson, C.C., and Siegal, M. (1999) Representing inner worlds surmisal of mind in autistic, deaf and normal hearing children. Psychological Science, 10(2), pp.126-129 cited in K. Krause, S. Bochner and S. Duchesne, (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. p.21. Southbank, Victoria ThomsonPiaget, J. (1978) success and Understanding. Cambridge, MA Harvard University PressRobertson, M., and Gerber, R. (Eds) (2000) The Childs World triggers for learning. Melbourne, Australia The Australian Council for Educational ResearchWebb, J., Schirato, T and Donaher, G. (2002) Understanding Bourdieu. Crows Nest, Australia Allen and UnwinWinch, G., Johnston, R., March, P., Ljungdahl, L., and Holliday, M. (2004) Literacy reading, writing and childrens literature. (2nd ed). Oxford Oxford University PressWhitton, D., Sinclair, C., Barker, K., Nanlohy, P., and Nosworthy, M. (2004) Learning for Teaching Teaching for Learning. Southbank, Victoria ThomsonWolfe, P. (2001) Brain Matters translating search into classroom practice. Alexandria, VA Association for Supervision and Curriculum DevelopmentWebsitesPlay and effect. http//www.genkienglish.net/playandaffect.htm. Accessed 5 Jan 2006National Curriculum. http//curriculum.becta.org.uk/docserver.php?docid=728. Accessed 3 Jan 2006Oral language skills.http//www.literacytrust.org.uk/Pubs/dockrell.html Accessed Jan 4National Curriculum frameworks. http//www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/literacy/publications/framework/

My First Time Home :: essays research papers

Shining b justlyly, in the darkness below the clouds, the lights of tall buildings arise up to meet us. As the plane turned toward Logan airport my presentiment grew I became anxious, squirming in my seat. The giant Citgo condense, the Prudential, Copley Plaza, Long wharf, and Fenway Park were lit up, and my sense was filled with nostalgic memories that made the descent longer. Bump, thump, bump, thump went my heart as we lowe flushed to the ground. I felt butterflies rise up in my belly fluttering about like a small circus. My font grew red as my smile grew wider. The excitement grew I was unable to speak. My body started shaking, if anyone fey me, I would have exploded. Beep, beep went the seat belt sign, and I entering from my chair, annoying all of the more patient passengers around me, yanked the overhead compartment door. Click, it was open, grabbing my backpack, I dashed up the ramp into the terminal. My starting signal victory I was the first off the plane.      Running down the hallway bump, bump, bump, bump, my heartbeat quickened with the pace of my footsteps. The quality of Starbucks cappuccino filled the air, cell phones of all colors in hand, beep, beep, beep went the pagers, my boyfriends face was warm and bright, my smile grew inches upon seeing him. I ran to his arms, outstretched. As he throw up squeezed me, my fantasy, my imagination, became reality I was blank space for the weekend. He opened the car door, stepping in, I grabbed the cell phone, and I was off. Quickly dialing, beep, bop, beep, boop, perpetuallyy number I had ever known, "Hi is Kat home? Will you tell her Melissa called? Yeah, Im home for the weekend Schools fine Bye." Hitting the "clear" button with my left hand, my right hand began reaching and pushing the familiar, preset buttons, on the car radiocommunication fourteen wonderful stations, all playing various types of rocknroll, alternative, and popular euphony, I knew I was in a metropolitan area, for the only country music stations were at the far end of the dial.     We pulled onto "Salem Street", the sign had not changed, green with white lettering, with rust stains on the upper corners. At night the breeze cools over my back and I relish the flavor air from the North Shore. Walking up to the doorway I truism the familiar lights, the kitchen was bright, blue everywhere, the countertops filled with leftovers from dinner that evening.

Study sources E and F and the site at Quarry bank mill. :: essays research papers

I am studying how useful rises E and F are in arriving at an accurate explanation of how apprentices were treated at Quarry swear Mill in the early 1840s. Source E was written by Robert Hyde Greg in 1843, 7 years after the disaster happened. Robert H. Greg was the son of Samuel Greg, he was the original owner of Quarry Bank Mill. By 1836, which was when the Esther Price ran away, Robert H. Greg had inherited the mill. Source F was written in 1838, by a man called John Doherty. He was a campaigner for reduce children?s hours of employment in cotton mills. Doherty had besides been in prison for organising pickets. The magistrate was a cosy friend of Samuel Greg, because of this John Doherty campaigned many times to close down and taint the re enthroneation of Quarry Bank Mill. Both sources E and F are accounts of Esther Price?s escape from Quarry Bank Mill to Liverpool at end of August 1836 with her friend Lucy Garner. Esther Price had asked to go to Liverpool during Wakes week , a holiday week when the factory was shut, but she was refused. She had two causal agents for runnel away, she had heard that her father was ill and wanted to visit him. The other reason was to collect her birth certificate to prove that she was actually older than her indention said so that she could get a paid job anterior as apprentices were not paid. An indenture was the contract that an apprentice signed to say that the child would work for Mr. Greg for a set amount of years, normally seven, and that if they bust any of the rules of that contract the boss had permission to visit them. In source E it says that Esther price and her friend Lucy Garner ran away from the apprentice signal on Saturday night. Lucy came back 5 days later on atomic number 90 and Esther came back 5 days after that on Tuesday. When the girls came back, they were each put into solitary confinement. Lucy Garner did not have her windows boarded up. However Esther Prices did, Robert H. Greg said it was also ?partly to prevent her escape.? It says in source E Robert H. Greg wanted to punish them by cutting off the girls? hair, but his sister sally Greg and Mrs Shawcross, the origin superintendent argued against this.

Classic Tales Of Tom Sawyer :: essays research papers

Classic Tales of turkey cock sawyer beetlegrudgingly going through the motions of reading page after page of abook while pretending to be interested is not a pleasurable way to spend time.Reading a book with a weak plot, dull setting, and demeanorless characters requiresmuch effort. Unfortunately, many books argon wish this. Some books are not asdifficult to read and enjoy, scarcely only a tiny percentage of books deserve enoughto wear down the classification of pure, like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer byMark dyad. purpose out what makes a piece of literary work a undefiled is essentialto fully understanding the significance of the books. In The Adventures of TomSawyer, Twain successfully brings the figment alive and makes it a pleasure toread. This book has gained the revere of people all over the world and earneditself this special distinction, because it contains the prerequisite substance.These integral ingredients of a classic are the vivid descriptions of thephysical aspects of the story the characters and setting, an entertaining andeventful plot, and the lasting truths the storys themes express.The most vivid memories of this story find from the strikingdescriptions of the physical aspects of the story. Mark Twain immediatelybrings the story to life with his introduction of the characters and theirsurroundings. From here, the familiarity of the characters and settingcontinues to grow. The depictions of the characters, both in mannerisms anddialogue, are so graceful that Toms superstitions and fantasies soon causeno great surprises, Aunt Pollys religious sayings and abstruse affection for her mischeevous Tom come to be expected, and Sids sly attacks on Tom appeardeserving of Toms revenge.The unique setting of St. Petersburg on the Mississippi River provides asuitable background for all of the characters adventures. With McDougalsCaves vast labyrinth of crooked aisles nearby, the pirates hideaway islandalong with the old haunted house, Tom is situated in a setting worthy of hisactivities.The second needed portion of a classic is a captivating plot thatappeals to people of all ages. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer has no lack of thisenchantment. Toms giddy and harum-scarum devilment, his romance with BeckyThatcher, and Aunt Pollys disguise feelings for Tom all provide for an especiallyentertaining and humorous try out of life on the Mississippi River in the 1800s.As the story progresses, condescension the many changes of scenery, the reader relatescomfortably with the characters, their personalities and the surroundings.Disguised in the events of the plot are the themes the author wishes toexpress. These themes in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are not explicitly stated,

Population and Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhouse Gase

Population and Global Warming In recent years, people have begun to reliableize the adverse affects of the technologies we office. The tools that homo use to harness energy change the face of the environment around us. When the industrial revolution began, I am sure that no one concept that the innovation taking place could potentially be the cause of a huge change in our surroundings. People were just doing what they thought was the scoop out course of action at that time the in the altogether utilization of resources for the developing race. Unfortunately, we have non retained the same sense of well existence.The slip-up in energy resources allowed for an increased creation or, conversely, an increasing population necessitate the invention of new tools to deal with the environment surrounding human beings. Not nevertheless were more people needed to man the machines, but more domain could be supported because of the increase in agricultural yield and the new lands t hat had opened up for colonization. There was the feeling of continuous well being and expansion. I do not think that we argon out of the expansionist mindset the population boom figures prove this. For most organisms, a population grows and then reaches a plateau in effect, an s-shaped curve. Humans are not following this pattern, or have not reached their plateau. Yet as of now, the human population is increasing exponentially and shows no signs of incorporateping. The use of resources has expanded to brace the continued growth. Because of our history of degradation, growth just means more squeeze on the earths systems.The industrial age began a time in which humans were not just altering their visible surroundings, but began to change the reconcile up of these surroundings as well. Without knowing it, ... ...earth is able to contain. If the later is true, we are just fixing the problems as they occur, not fancying a real solution to the problem.The increased use of contrace ptives and factors such as literacy and womens rights has decreased the population expansion (class discussion). It could be that our problem will be solved by the population actually decreasing. But before that happens, if we are not sack to fix the root of the problem (that of climate change because of human use), we should find better ways of getting energy and using the resources that we have, such as renewable resources and green chemistry. Whatever it is, something must be done to stop the environment from changing so drastically. 1 Freeman, Scott. biological Sciences. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002.2 Freeman, Scott. Biological Sciences. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002.

The Life of Saint Peter :: essays papers

The Life of Saint Peter Peter Tosh was innate(p) into this world without a father or mother with the responsibility, or the term to raise young Peter. He was raised by his aunt, although Peters personality would energise you believe that he raised himself. An extremely self-reliant, self-dependent entity, Tosh fought for those who could not adjure themselves. He was a voice for those who had not the means, nor the ability to speak to a worldwide audience. While those with power on the island of Jamaica saw Peter as a threat to the existing regime (A regime comprised of corrupt politricksters who follower with Jamaicas sm all, wealthy, land owning class), the nation saw Peter as a rise hero. A champion of human rights, throughout his life Peter fought against the vampires and the duppies and all evil spirits, the spirits which Peter himself feared more than anything. Peter Tosh was a saint. Not a saint in the conventional, religious definition, but hitherto as that he was allo t on this earth with a purpose. He was to expose the filth and corruption and expunge the wickedness of the ghosts which haunted him his complete life. Peter was a savior, sent to liberate the people of Jamaica, both physically and mentally. As for the majority of Jamai provides, life was spent scrounging for a dollar, struggling to put food on their childrens table, and a roof over their head That was if you can find some brush or metal with which to build one. It was baffling to find employment, and many of those that were employed were done so temporarily. Peter had greater visions for the Island of Jamaica. He was upset with the treatment of his people, and he did nothing to hide his feelings. It is believed by many that this is the very character trait which led to Toshs murder. The voice of the people was eliminated by three supposed robbers who stole not one significant object. At the tender age of forty three, Peter Tosh was silenced, as were the hopes of many Jamaicans. On October ninth, 1944 Winston Hubert McIntosh was born into this world. The only child of Alvera Coke, a house physician of Church Lincoln, Westmoreland on the island of Jamaica. Winstons father, James McIntosh was the preacher at the local perform in Savanna-la-Mar, which Alvera attended. However, Winston was just one of the many children which James McIntosh fathered and neglected to service of process care for.

Following Janies Developement in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay ex

People grow and develop at unlike rates. The factors that heavily influence a someones growth are heredity and environment. The spate you meet and the experiences you have are very important in what makes a person who he/she is. Janie develops as a woman with the three marriages she has. In each marriage she learns precious lessons, has increasingly better relationships, and realizes how a person is to live his/her life. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janies marriages to Logan Killicks, Jody Starks, and Tea prevention are the most vital elements in her growth as a woman. Janies marriage to Logan Killicks was the first stage in her growth as a woman. She hoped that her obligatory marriage with Logan would end her retirement and desire for love. Right from the beginning, the solitude in the marriage shows up when Janie sees that his house is a lonesome redact like a stump in the middle of the woods where nonexistence had ever been (20). This descript ion of Logans house is symbolic of the relationship they have. Janie eventually admits to nurse that she still...

Pros And Cons Of Mcdonalds Essay -- essays research papers

McDonalds Welcome sign in the high lane or a place to avoid?In this essay I will be discussing the pros and cons of fast victualss. Now a day every(prenominal)(prenominal) body will recognize the golden arches of McDonalds, it is hard non to. McDonalds has restaurants everywhere, beside major(ip) roads and in almost every high street. Their commercials are on television at least once a day. They became popular inwardly a couple of years. Teenagers especi aloney like McDonalds because of the relaxed atmosphere, cheap prizes and the fact that all over the world you know what you are buying. In restaurants I mold that the waiter there scent at me and reckon that I efficacy non be able to pay for the meal. With McDonalds I find that every person is welcome to come in and eat, no matter what you look like or how much money you have. There is also not a certain dress code that you have to oblige to. card-playing food is easy to eat food that requires no cutlery. The fast food industry is not only good. The foods contain too much fat, salt and sugars. The food is not always what is said to be and uses a chance of packaging. Packaging that will be thrown on the ground, if the food is not eaten within the restaurant. People usually dont take the beat to throw the packaging in the dustbins. The high streets usually have a whole carpet with litter of fast food restaurants. I think that the restaurants tail endt be responsible for the litter but the restaurants can do every thing to make their packaging as environmental friendly.Peo...

Civil Disobedience: Are We Morally Obliged to Obey Unjust Laws? Essay

Are we morally have to obey even unjust laws? This moral question addresses what we comm still whop as courteous disobedience. In order to properly discuss well-manneredian disobedience and whether or non it is moral to disobey laws, we must commencement exercise char scraperize civil disobedience. In Peter Singers book, Practical Ethics he begins to characterize civil disobedience as arising from ethical disagreement and aggrandisement the question of whether to uphold the law, even if the law protects and sanctions things we hold utterly improper? (Singer 292). total heat David Thoreau wrote an essay entitled Civil noncompliance that was published in 1854 in the collection of essays called Walden or Life in the Woods. Thoreau first wrote of civil disobedience in opposition to the Mexican War, but his words even-tempered hold truth and meaning for us today. In Civil Disobedience Thoreau explains his ideas about government and whether or not we should obey laws that d o not appear to the individual to be moral. Thoreau recognizes that there can be disgust to government, and simply because something is passed as law, does not make it right. He says The government itself, which is only the mode which the people have chosen to execute their will, is equally probable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it (Thoreau 1).With civil disobedience, we are discussing government and the law, and if we should uphold laws, even when they are not morally right and how, if we are to go against the law, should we do that? We should not have to obey laws that are unjust, but we also must find out at each individual instance where injustice is occurring and carefully localise how to act. Civil disobedience must remain civil and not lead violent. If disobedi... ...ly enough said, that a corporation has no conscience but a corporation of conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience. legality never made a man a whit mor e than just and by means of respect for it, even the well dispose are made the agents of injustice (Thoreau 2).Violence is hard to justify when discussing civil disobedience. The whole idea behind civil disobedience is that it is a government agency to bring attention to an injustice without causing harm to others.Bibliography Singer, Peter.Practical Ethics. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1993. Thoreau, Henry David.Civil Disobedience and Other Essays. Dover Publications, Inc. Dover Thrift Editions. 1993 The Sevagram Ashram. http//www.mkgandhi.org/sevagram/default.htm People v Pitts. Michigan No. 186260. LC No. 95-003317. 1997. http//www.milawyersweekly.com/micoa/186260.HTM

European Colonialism and Imperialism in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

European Colonialism and Imperialism in Shakespeares The agitationWilliam Shakespeares chat up The Tempest reveals how ideologies of racial otherness served to legitimize European patriarchal hegemony in Elizabethan England. In the Elizabethan/ Jacobean seasons of England there were many a(prenominal) relevant ideologies relevant to this play. In examining the values and ideologies this text endorses and challenges, the society of the time (Elizabethan England), and a knowledge of how it operated serves a great purpose in analyzing these relationships. As in many texts of this time, Shakespeare is endorsing many ideologies of his time, and, although many have labelled him forrad of his time in many respects in his writing, he is, fundamentally writing from the Elizabethan or Jacobean point of view and time. The Tempest endorses the inequitable relationships between leans based upon the belief of European superiority. The representation of race and ethnicity in The Tempest revea ls a text that is awash with olympianist European ideologies. In a play which usurpation is a dominant theme, Shakespeare endorses Prosperos appropriation of the island and its aboriginal population. The representation of Caliban and his brother Sycorax reveals the extent to which antiblack and sexist ideologies function to maintain the balance of force out in the pass of a small, ruling, elite. Indeed, it should be noted that The Tempest is more than a artless play. Rather, it is a complex and multi-layered literary construction. As it cannot be reduced to the whizz issue of race to investigate the asymmetry of power in the play. worry must be given to the way patriarchal notions of gender declare racial representations in order to understand the imbalances of power i... .... An investigation into the imbalance of power in the play reveals the ideologies of race and gender that drive the power dynamics of the play. The construction of the inferior nature of non-European c haracters is firmly grounded in imperialist, European and patriarchal values. The Tempest presents the appropriation of the island and its inhabitants by Prosperos imperial patriarchal regime as entirely natural and inevitable, based upon the inborn inferiority of the original population. In doing so, the play is a precise repetition of imperialist rhetoric, which legitimizes European annexation of other lands and peoples over which they have no legitimate claim. Bibliography/ Works Cited Shakespeare, W. The Tempest. Ed. Sutherland, J.R. (1990) G. Wilson Knight, (1932) The Shakespearean Tempest, Oxford B. Thompson, (1995) Notes on The Tempest

Ancient Celtic Mythology: A Vision of Gods and Goddesses :: Religion

Ancient Celtic Mythology A Vision of Gods and GoddessesUpon canvass the supernatural reality that the Celts endured, it is necessary to somewhat overlook the myths to see what lies understructure them. It is essential to find when and from where the myths originated and how true the storytellers, or narrators, really be. The Celtic gods and goddesses, in such an early mythological time defined as a period when beings lived or events happened such as one no long-acting sees in our days (Sjoestedt 1994 2), require much analysis. A diverse solicitation of documents, literature and archaeology pave the way to our understanding of the ancient mythology of the Celts. However, these traces overlook a sense of closure, leaving the investigation into the nature of these gods and goddesses raw and incomplete. The reason of the Celtic deities exists in various forms, but the information that we have roll up leaves unanswered questions. For instance, in analysing the recorded documents l eft behind by the Greeks and Romans, we are called to cast some doubt on how closely the Celtic phantasmal rites paralleled those of their classical neighbours. We survey recorded religious practices with apprehension, as we are not truly sure that the Celts too worshipped family gods and a mass of deities who cover all aspects of life.1 How do we know that we are not just interpretation materials reflecting the Graeco-Roman myths? Is it not plausible that these Greek and Roman writers installed some bias, listing towards their mythological ideas, within their testimony? The speculation surrounding all of the varied pieces of rise is just. From the abundance of evidence, though, we can be sure that the Celts believed in a multiplicity of deities. It is apparent that the existence of gods and goddesses in Celtic society was quite a serious affair and an everyday business. However, when focusing on the submit nature of such gods and goddesses, it seems only fair to attempt to c onstruct an overview of the example of each deity. Reconstructing the evidence might be too hopeful because the conclusions would incur from mere ignorance and be partially based on what we still do not know. From here we can only address the different types of evidence that piece together the very nature of the Celtic gods and goddesses, but the sundry(a) and slightly unreliable evidence is certainly not easy to sort. The literary evidence for the existence of deities in Celtic religion is one origination that reveals the character of the individual gods and goddesses.

Fried Green Tomatoes Human Nat :: essays research papers

Coping with situations within heat up GREEN TOMATOESHuman Nature, it&8217s our instinct, our reaction, our thoughts, and our mogul to make decisions. It has been examined from every conceivable angle. It has been scrutinized, interrogated, glorified and even subvert by every medium in the world, but none so extensively as the written word. Literature has explored every component of compassionate nature from pride to envy and insecurity to depression. Fannie Flagg&8217s novel FRIED GREEN TOMATOES pays particular attention to human nature and specific slipway we choose to cope with the situations that life places before us. Flagg explores humor, nostalgia, and avoidance as third estate examples of how, not only her characters, but humans in general demo the circumstances surrounding their lives. Humor is and integral part of human nature. It has the ability to lighten al closely any situation and put people at ease. Humor is a common bond between any somebody on earth, from the very wealthy to the impoverished. Idgie Threadgoode is the perfect embodiment of humor. Her wisecracks and t solely tales helped her to see a number of less-than-comfortable situations throughout the novel. A prime example of her mathematical function of humor was with Smokey Lonesome. When Smokey first comes into the caf for a bite to eat, he is so neural that he can&8217t stop shaking and he most certainly cannot eat. Idgie, seeing his discomfort, introduced herself and proceeded to tell Smokey a joke. &8220On November, a giant flock of duck, oh, or so forty or more, landed right bladder fucus in the middle of that lake, and while they were sitting there, that afternoon, a fluke involvement happened. The temperature dropped so fast that the whole lake froze over, as solid as a rock, in a matter of three seconds. One, two, three, that like that&8230. They just flew off and took the lake with &8216em. That lake is somewhere in Georgia, to this very day&8230 Idgie&8217s amp lify use of humor allowed the wanderer to settle down and relax. Later, when her nephew Buddy younger is run over by a train and loses his arm, Idgie once once more uses her sense of humor to help him look at the situation from a lighter side. &8220When he was little and there was somebody new in the caf, Idgie would bring him in and have him tell this long story about going fishing on the Warrior River, and he&8217d get them all caught up in the story and the Idgie would say, &8216How big was the catfish Stump?

Erechtheion and Its Caryatids Essay -- Acropolis, Athens, ancient Greec

Located opposite the Parthenon, the Erechtheion is one of the most characteristic buildings standing on the Athenian Acropolis constructed between 421 and 406 BC. The Erechtheion replaced the Old Temple of Acropolis, which was ruined by the Persians in 480 BC. The asymmetrical building was built of Pentelic marble, with friezes of black Elusinian limestone to tell apart applied white marble relief sculpture. ( Erechtheum (Erechtheion) ) Since the complex temple sits on a slopping site, it has an irregular floor plan which consists of four chambers with dual functions. It housed a great variety of ancient cults and many sacred objects, including the revered image of Athena Polias in the east cella, a golden lamp make by Callimachus, a well containing sea water, which is known as the Erechtheian Sea, and the find of Poseidons trident, sacred shrines like the altar of Poseidon, and the altars of Boutes and Hephaestus. (Roberts, Erechthum ) To the south-west of the building stood the olive tree, which is a gift of Athena to the city of Athens. The whole structure also consists of two porches, the north porch at the northwest corner is supported by sextuplet tall Ionic columns, stands at a lower level and gives introduction to the western cella, while below its floor it was believed to be the spot where genus Zeus killed the legendary King Erechteus with a thunderbolt. (theacropolismuseum.gr) In the south-west corner, there stands a uniquely projecting porch which is the most well-known part of the Erechtheion. It is supported by six massive female statues, and hence named the Porch of the Maidens, with the supporting figures known as caryatids. Below it stood the grave of Kekrops, another legendary King of Athens. (theacropolismuseum.gr) The se... ...ty Press, 2007. Oxford adduce. 2007.3. The Erechtheion. The Acropolis Museum. http//www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/ fill/erechtheion/04. Erechtheum. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013) 1. Litera ry Reference Center. Web. 5. Plommer, Hugh. Vitruvius and the Origin of Caryatids. The Journal of classical Studies, Vol. 99 (1979), pp. 97-102. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. 6. Shear, Ione Mylonas. Maidens in Greek Architecture The Origin of the Caryatids . In Bulletin de correspondance pitnique. Volume 123, livraison 1, 1999. pp. 65-85.7. Lesk, Alexandra L. A Diachronic Examination of the Erechtheion and Its Reception, PhD thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2005.8. Edmondson, J. C., and MyiLibrary. Augustus. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press, 2009. eBook Academic accruement (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 May 2014.

Student Motivation and Retention Essays -- Education Mathematics Essay

school-age child want and Retention I decided to write most of musical theme nigh motivation because motivation is something that is lacking in several of my students in union City. I want to help students develop the motivation to learn mathematicss instead of hearing the bad attitude they have developed for mathematics. It is so frustrating to hear a student say that they do non care. Also in my composing, I plan to intertwine the topic of retention. My paper allow for lean more towards retaining students in math at the midriff train level rather than college like the articles we read in class. I know that students can not switch out of math in the middle school, but they can choose to take many math classes in high school and choose a major in college for math. In other words, I want to find out ship canal for students to be interested in math field so they rest in the math field all the way up through college graduation. I have developed several great relationshi ps with my students and care late about what the future holds for them. My goal is to make a difference in their life by motivating them to like math and school so they do not drop out of high school.II.BackgroundAs I researched for articles dealing with motivation, the most common information that I lay down was strategies for increasing motivation. Some of the articles showed actual studies where certain strategies helped the student want to learn. The charm Model by Lewkowicz is one strategy example that I will be writing about. Another article I found explained dissimilar types of motivation, which motivation is the best to have, and factors that influences the development of student motivation. Robert Case wrote a paper about a study he did in an India high school wat... ... OR, 1994.Malcolm, Shirley, and Treisman, Uri. Calculus Success for All Students. Calculus for a New hundred A Pump not a Filter, Steen, Lynn (ed.). Mathematical Association of the States Washington, DC , 1987.McNeal, Ralph. Extracurricular Activities and High School Dropouts. Sociology of Education v68n1 Jan 1995, 62-80.Renchler, Ron. School Leadership and Student Motivation. ERIC Digest No. 71. ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management Eugene, OR, 1992.Seymour, Elaine, and Hewitt, Nancy. Talking close to Leaving Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Westview Press Boulder, CO 1997.Treisman, Phillip Uri. A theme of the Mathematics Performance of Black Students at the University of California, Berkeley. Mathematicians and Education Reform transactions of the July 6-8. 1988 Workshop, American Mathematical Society Providence, RI, 1990.