Dna Testing And The Criminal Justice System - 716 Words

Convictions prior to the advancement of DNA testing in the criminal justice system were commonly found to be later wrongful and due to eyewitness misidentification (Scheck Neufeld, 2001). Hence, there has been increasing research by psychologists in eyewitness memory and particularly in line up practices. In criminal identification, a simultaneous line up (SIM) is typically used and involves presenting the witness with all line-up suspects at once with the offender (target) placed amongst other innocent suspects (foils) that resemble the offender (Wells Olsen, 2003). With these conditions, witnesses have a tendency to compare suspects with each other in order to determine the one that have the closest resemblance with the offender, a process called relative judgement (Steblay, Dysart, Fulero Lindsay, 2001). In the simultaneous line-ups with target present, there are more hits as the closest resemblance is the perpetrator but while in target absent conditions, the closest matching foil is often picked and resulting in more false alarms (Steblay, Dysart, Fulero Lindsay, 2001). Therefore, to prevent the potential of misidentification, alternative line-up presentations have been developed to inhibit relative judgement processes such as sequential line-up in Lindsay and Wells (1985). Sequential line-ups (SEQ) involves presenting a line-up of photos in a sequential format and eyewitnesses can only view the photo once and must determined whether the photo matches theShow MoreRelatedJustice Systems And The Justice System Of Other Nations1732 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen and will be discussed concerning our justice system and the justice system of other nations. Contrarily there are varying types of courts all throughout these other nations as well. Similarly, all nations have criminal sanctions, sentencing practices, and types of punishment, death penalties, and imprisonments. The question I present is what about all those who have been unlawfully convicted, sentence d and then later on exonerated centered upon DNA or whatsoever evidence available? What aboutRead MoreDNA Profiling and Criminal Justice: Ethical and Legal Issues1079 Words   |  4 PagesThe American system of justice is predicated on the search for justice. The emergence of DNA evidence as a source of evidence in this search has become a powerful ally for both the prosecution and defense in criminal trials and there has been no clear cut advantage gained by either side of the equation. The use of DNA evidence, often referred to as DNA profiling, has given police and prosecutors a new, and more reliable, means of identifying criminal but the cost of the procedure, the time involvedRead MoreTechnology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesfield of criminal justice has not been an exception to this technological advances. These advances in technology has taken the criminal justice field a long way from riding a horse bareback to driving armored cars. Thes e advances along with many others have almost completely changed how things are handled in all aspects of the law. Technology is the persistent application of information in the design, production and use of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities. Criminal JusticeRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System963 Words   |  4 Pagesdepend highly upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a major concern. Criminal Justice consists of three areas: our police, courts and corrections department. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by these agencies, and established by the governments to help control the crimes and applies penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there to protect and serve while others feel that the criminal justice system fails them daily. OverRead MoreTechnology And Science By Law Enforcement1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Institute of Justice defines forensic science as, â€Å"the application of science, such as physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering to matters of law,† (2014). The emphasis here is the use of technology and science by law enforcement officers and agencies and is accepted and recognized by the criminal justice system. It is seen as scientific technology or Criminalistics, (Dempsey Forst, 2013). While technology plays a role in this, it is most recognized by the useRead MoreDna Evidence And The Justice System1224 Words   |  5 Pagesin many criminal cases in DNA evidence. Since the 1980s, DNA analysis has continued to make steady progress as an adjunct to police investigations. DNA can be collected from blood, hair, skin cells, and other bodily substances. Similar to fingerprints, each individual has a unique DNA profile, but unlike that of fingerprints, only a miniscule amount of genetic material is needed to identify or eliminate suspects. However, the reliability and accuracy of the use of DNA evidence in criminal trials inRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the proper procedures used by the criminal justice system to convict a person to live or death. The death penalty has created a public policy issue that has produced wide scholarly research, public debate and legal attention. The reality is that the majority on Americans support the death penalty. Only a small proportion believes that there has to be something done during the investigation and gathering of evidence process to proof that the convicted criminal in is guilty. When a murder is committedRead MoreThe American Court System And Dna1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Court System and DNA Will the use of forensic DNA in the courts be the equalizer for the wrongly convicted? Per the National Registry of Exonerations, there have been 1,916 exonerations in the United States since 1989 (â€Å"National Registry of Exonerations,† n.d.). Barry Scheck and The Innocence Project have been instrumental in facilitating the exoneration process by presenting forensic DNA evidence to American courtrooms. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary materialRead MoreForensic Databases Have Grown With Our Advancements In869 Words   |  4 Pagesenforcement uses a forensic DNA database that uses a method called, familial matching. Familial DNA searching looks for partial matches that can not only match the suspect’s DNA, but the suspect’s family line. This is unlike the typical DNA database that law enforcement has used for years. For that DNA database makes an exact match between the suspect of the crime and his or her DNA sample. Familial DNA searches h ave been found to be beneficial to Police and Criminal Investigators, and Crime AnalysistsRead MoreWrongfully Convicted And The Criminal Justice System890 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent crimes that has taken place. In today’s society, we depend upon the justice system. Criminal Justice is a big deal. The Criminal Justice system was put in place by the agencies and established by the governments to help control the crimes and apply penalties to those that violate the law. Many people feel that the criminal justice system is there to protect and serve while others feel that the criminal justice system fails them daily. Over 30 years ago Alan Newton was convicted of a crime

The Invasion of Panama Essay - 930 Words

American presidents often establish foreign policies that effect the country’s citizens oversees and in America. The Invasion of Panama was part of the restoration of America’s military prestige, after years of misgivings. The Panama Invasion was the extension of the domestic plans for a Drug-Free America (US II. 33). Lastly, the Invasion of Panama is an example of presidential foreign policies that involve America in foreign affairs. The Panama Invasion was a conflict that was the beginning to better decision-making, but had faults of its own, that followed through to the Persian-Gulf War of 1991. It started with the decision to invade Grenada; President Reagan’s ability to â€Å"react quickly and convincingly to a perceived threat to†¦show more content†¦Within two of Noriega’s residences, â€Å"pictures of Hitler, an extensive pornography collection, $283,000 in cash, Swiss bank account numbers, and a ‘witches diary’† (Ope ration Just Cause Pamphlet) were discovered. On Christmas Eve of 1989, Noriega â€Å"was granted refuge in the home of Papal Nuncio [†¦] until he could gain entry to Cuba† (Operation Just Cause Pamphlet). On December 29 the Archbishop was given permission to visit Noriega’s â€Å"witch house†. Afterwards it was â€Å"recommend to Pope John Paul II that Noriega be turned over to the United States because he committed torture, murder, practiced devil worship and voodoo, and stockpiled weapons to conduct a long-term guerrilla campaign† (Operation Just Cause Pamphlet), Catholic officials finally persuaded Noriega to surrender on January 3. In Florida, â€Å"Noriega was convicted of smuggling cocaine and sentence to forty years imprisonment† (Operation Just Cause Pamphlet) in April 1992. Within American borders, directly before and after the Panama Invasion, President Ronald Reagan started and pushed for a â€Å"Drug-Free America†, initiatin g the â€Å"War on Drugs†. Created in 1973, the Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, was facing an uphill battle in its beginning because â€Å"at no time before or since has drug use as socially acceptable as it was during the 1970’s† (Knight). The DEA was stationing itself at borders,Show MoreRelatedAmerica s Recent Diplomatic Initiatives870 Words   |  4 PagesDIPLOMATIC INITIATIVES The United States Invasion of Panama, code-named Operation Just Cause, happened between mid-December 1989 and late-January 1990 (diplomatic initiatives 2016). It occurred during the U.S. President George Bush s term, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified. The treaties transferred the control of the Panama Canal from the United States over to Panama by January 1, 2000 (diplomatic initiatives. 2016). During the invasion, the Panamanian leader, and dictatorRead MoreOperation Just Cause- Panama951 Words   |  4 PagesOperation Just Cause was not the capture of a man; it was the genocide of a country On December 20 of 1989, 26,000 U.S. troops invaded Panama in ‘‘Operation Just Cause’’ to expel and capture the countrys strong man, the former general Manuel Antonio Noriega and destroy his military. No honest Panamanian, no human being can be indifferent to the horror of war, one can justify the thousands of dead innocent civilians. ‘‘Forget Prohibited’’ as many Panamanians says for this day, the worlds mostRead MoreSummary Of The By Lauren Wolfe927 Words   |  4 Pagesthat it happened it was â€Å"difficult to say that to my mother.† (Wolfe) This is just one example of the calamitous effects of American-sponsored regime change operations. Driven by American exceptionalism, America believed that it’s involvement and invasion in other countries would be beneficial to American security. The United States embraced regime change because it pushed for American government to influence the entire world. President bush asserted that American government is â€Å"right and true forRead MoreThe People And Culture Of Panama1077 Words   |  5 PagesPeople and Culture of Panama Panama is vibrant nation, full of culture, beautiful landscapes and beaches, a vast military history pertaining to the U.S., along with world changing technological advances. Even though it is pretty up to date communication and technology wise, it still sticks to its native roots. Panamanians are quick to tell you what they love about their country. Whether it’s the climate, the culture, or the outdoors, national pride runs deep in Panama. Many Panamanians feelRead More Panama History and Culture Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesPanama History and Culture The culture and political structures of Panama as we know it today has evolved from an incredibly diverse and interesting history. Geographically, Panama lies on an isthmus, a strip of land that essentially connects the greater landmasses of North and South America. It is believed that volcanic activity in the late Pliocene era closed the former Central American Seaway that had separated the two continents. The climatic implications of this landformRead MoreA Historian Must Combine the Rigor of a Scientist with the Imaginatio1614 Words   |  7 Pageshistorians can not agree on the way events really took place. The invasion of Panama is an example of this. Evidence proved that Manuel Noriega, Panamas ruler at the time, was working for the FBI and was on the CIA payroll until 1987, despite the fact that he was known to be involved in drug trafficking, which is a serious crime in all countries. By January 1990 the administration of the canal was due to be handed over t o Panama. Noriegas involvement with the US and co-operation has slowed downRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words   |  6 PagesRoosevelt to implement this policy during the invasion of the Dominican Republic by European debt collectors, and Venezuelan Crisis. Lastly, Theodore Roosevelt had a motto: Speak softly and carry a big stick. The United States Navy became Roosevelt’s stick, which aided the United States in both defending its territory and avoiding war. Many Latin Americans did not look favorably on â€Å"Yankee Imperialism,† which resulted in more than thirty-five invasions from the United States. The conflict that cameRead MoreGunboat Diplomacy1524 Words   |  7 Pagesbegan plans for the construction of the Panama Canal. This is where the essence of the Gunboat Diplomacy comes in. Gunboat Diplomacy involves intimidation by threat or use of military force. He ended up taking Panama and then leaving the Congress to debate the situation out and while debating was building the canal. The invasion of Panama to depose Manuel Noriega was the root of Gunboat Diplomacy. Before the Panama Canal was constructed, the country of Panama was a province of Columbia. The FederalRead More Iraq: a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty4429 Words   |  18 PagesIraq: a Lesson from Panama Imperialism and Struggle for Sovereignty If History is to be the signifier of lessons learned, then why do wars continue to happen? The United States has never really been considered an Imperialist nation, but as history proves, the US has had a long stake in international geopolitical control over various countries, as well as economic markets that have made these countries dependent on the United States for survival. In light of recent events in Iraq,Read MoreThe Invasion of Grenada839 Words   |  3 PagesThe invasion of Grenada also know as â€Å"Operation Urgent Fury† was a U.S invasion to the Grenada Island in 1983 that Overthrew the communist government in favor of a pro-Western one in a period of less than two months. On October 13, President Reagan was made aware of possible trouble in Granada. Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard had removed Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and recognized military rule. Six days later, Bishop was murdered. Bishop was a socialist and had bonds with Cuba; he spent hi s

Trends Affecting Carmakers in the US

Question: Discuss about theTrends Affecting Carmakers in the US. Answer: The Trends Affecting the United States Carmakers The robust growth in technology has differently affected the users behavior as well as market trends across the globe. Customers are striving to remain digital and have preferred consuming or using products that make them stay fashionable. On the other hand, most companies through research and developments, they have unearthed the essentiality of total embrasure of technology to ensure they remain relevant. However, this analysis is based on the manufacturing industry and particularly focus on the carmakers in the US (Ann Arbor, 2010). The ever-changing internal and external environment has posed a threat to a smooth operation of Ford, General Motors, and more companies that manufacturers their products in the US. In this assignment, the PEST analysis tool has explored the political, economic, social and technological metrics as follows: PEST Analysis Political Factors Usually, political factors significantly affect the performance of most business. It is a broad subject that constitutes the government policies, politically stability, taxation, and others. However, these factors do not always hinder the performance of the company, but their effects are determined by two primary aspects. It is either the political environment is favorable or unfavorable. If it is favorable, businesses will flourish and take advantage of the opportunities offered by the government (Housing Industry Association, 2011). The US carmakers have been influenced in various ways based on the political environment. Firstly, the government supports for innovation and created have significantly assisted Ford, GM, and other companies to manufacture up to date cars such as the electric vehicles, automotive vehicles that have extended their usefulness by boosting upcoming companies like Uber (Sean and Debbie, 2008). Also, the increased government efforts in developing infrastructu re, for instance, the construction of railway lines to enhance the shipment of vehicles from the River Rock to the local dealers in the United States (Sean, et al. 2008). However, the industry is going to be affected by the new speculation that President Donald Trump is going to charge a tax of 35% to companies that manufacture vehicles outside the US and sells them in the US. If such tax rate is approved, then it will be a great challenge to companies like Ford which had opened a manufacturing plant in Mexico where the cost of inputs is relatively small. Economic Factors Apparently, the US has a real history of economic stability that is not enough to enhance the performance of these companies. It is apparent that some of the vehicles are sold globally. With the increasing strength of the dollars, the profit margin for carmakers is negatively affected. The attractiveness of US vehicles and products will be relatively low because of the power of the dollar. However, this aspect will not be a challenge for the products sold in the US markets and other economies that use dollars. Also, the market in the US has been stagnant because of reasons like the introduction of smartphones which has attracted the attention of most youth. With the fact that the middle-income earners are striving to make the end meet, most people are not interested in acquiring more vehicles (Kim and Debbie, 2008). Technological Factors It is a critical element that most companies in all industries have immensely focused on in sharpening their competitive edge. The US is a developed country and most processes in the companies are automated to create efficiency and further reduce the cost of production (Mechler, 2007). However, the changing customers needs, increased rivalry in firms are just some of the reasons why most companies have considered innovation as the only way to go to remain relevant. This industry has passed various stages of innovativeness and customers are always expecting better products from the manufacturers (The Wall Street Journal, 2010). For instance, some manufacturers have applied the technology to manufacture driverless cars and flying cars. It has thus been a challenge for the industry to keep up with the pace of development (Wang, 2009). Furthermore, technological advances have necessitated for the productions of cars to suit new transport business that has emerged as the case of Uber. Social Factors The industry is subject to the influence of social factors. With the introduction of automobile cars, the entire society in the US has been revolutionized. At the first time, such vehicles were perceived to be meant for the wealthy. However, the acquisition of these cars by most people including the low-income earners in the US has demystified the belief. As a result, the market demand for cars steadily increased. It led to significant sales in 2015 which almost equaled the 2000 sales record that is still unbroken. Other social effects include the congestion of vehicles in the main towns are also major blocks to this industry. Furthermore, lives of people have positively impacted the ease in transport has facilitated translocation from one place to the other. Therefore, the manufacturers of products in the automobile industry have to succinctly understand all these factors to aid them to establish strategic measures to handle the challenges. Most importantly, these companies should capitalize the opportunities and strengths to assist in thwarting adverse effects caused by these difficulties. Lastly, the analysis of the industry using PEST will significantly help the manufacturers totally embrace technology enhance the safety of the vehicles and further meet users demands (Gillespie, 2007). Discussions Regarding US Carmakers Concluding that the Trends in the US will Extend to Overseas Markets. Apparently, it is poisonous to assume that the trends happening in one country will be applied to another country. That can be blatant lies. However, some factors that are beyond human control can occur globally, and others that are caused by people's characters cannot be applied to other countries (Joel, et al. 2015). For instance, a state that experiences serial cases of political instability, the companies that operate on such land will be adversely affected. This factor relates to the nature of political leadership and does not imply that all leaders across the world are that good. Therefore, I strongly disagree with the option of concluding that factors influencing carmakers in the US will uniformly affect them in other countries. Some of the justification includes differences in leadership, differences in business policies, differences in consumers purchasing powers, differences in infrastructural setup, differences in the distribution of wealth, differences in technological kn ow-how, and others (Mazur, 2006). It is, therefore, dangerous to make a conclusion based on the trends experienced in the US. Competitive Stance that Should be Adopted by a Traditional US Carmakers Concerning new developments occurring in the transport industry in the United States, it is apparent that carmakers are imperatively required to provide cars and vehicles that can outfit some of the challenges faced. Most of the changes are posed by the technological developments that have catalyzed the manufacturing of cars and vehicles that are efficient, self-driven, consume less fuel, uses electric current to move and more. The increased innovation has however created another kind of competition where carmakers are required to attract and convince customers that their models are the best. For a competitor like who has innovated a new product to survive in the US transport market has to embrace various strategies (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2015). Firstly, the differentiation strategy should be utilized to create uniqueness in the products (De Wit Meyer, 2010). This strategic model can assist companies like General Motors, Ford, and others to provide different vehicles that can suit customers preferences. This seasonality focus is a disadvantage to the consumers because they sometimes feel neglected by the producers. Carmakers should further stay in contact with users will enhance good reputation and consumers can know how to use the new models developed by the company (Mechler, 2007). Secondly, the competitor should utilize the premium strategic aspect. Through this technique, the focused differentiation should target a particular segment of customers and provide products that customers specifically require. Selling differentiated products at a relatively lower price is the most important strategy that carmakers should apply to cope up with stiff competition in the markets. The US has different varieties of customers (Michael, et al. 2016). It is indeed clear that a traditional company has a good reputation and consumers like its products because of the brand name. Therefore, introducing a new product and selling it at a fair price to a particular group creates a competitive edge. Additionally, the competitor should on maximize the economies of scale. Though the US market is concentrated, still carmakers manage to sell a large number of the cars if produced in large amount and sold at fair price (World Economic Forum, 2009). The economies of scale will therefore, allow the manufacturers reduce production costs and offer the products at affordable price. References Ann Arbor, MI, (2010) Automotive Communities Program Book of Deals: Center for Automotive Research, De Wit, B. Meyer, R. (2010) Strategy: Process, Content, Context. 4th ed. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA. Housing Industry Association (2011). An Introduction to PESTLE Analysis: HIA Ltd. Gillespie, A. (2007). PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment:Foundations of Economics, Oxford University Press, USA. Joel ,C.G., Dan, B., Martin, M. (2015). "The Decline and Resurgence of the U.S. Auto Industry". Economic Policy Institute. Kim, H and Debbie M. (2008) Contribution of a Vehicle Infrastructure System to the Economy of Michigan: Economic and Industrial Impacts Update and Benefit-Cost Analysis. Center for Automotive Research. Michael, R., Steffen, G., Christian, W. (2016) How Automakers Can Survive the Self-Driving Era: Retrieved Feb 7, 2017 from https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/8591837/How+Automakers+Can+Survive+the+Self-Driving+Era+(2).pdf/1674f48b-9da0-45e8-a970-0dfbd744cc2f Mazur, E. (2006). World of Cars 2006/2007: Worldwide Car Catalogue. Warsaw: Media Connection Mechler, K. (2007) General Motors: Innovations in American Social Class Structure Sean, M and Debbie, M. (2008) Country of Origin: Is this Vehicle Domestic or Import? The U.S. Domestic Content Measurement Programs: Center for Automotive Research. Sean, P., McAlinden, K. D and Debbie, M.M. (2008) CAR Research Memorandum: The Impact on the U.S. Economy of a Major Contraction of the Detroit Three Automakers. Center for Automotive Research The Wall Street Journal (2010) Technology Levels Playing Field in Race to Market Electric Car. Retrieved from https://online.wsj.com/article/SB123172034731572313.html U.S. Department of Commerce (2015). The Automotive Industry in the United States. Wang, H. (2009) Betting on Chinese Electronic Cars: Analyzing BYD ?s Innovation Capability. 17th Gerpisa International Colloqium Sustainable development in the automobile industry: changing landscapes and actors, Paris 17-19 June. World Economic Forum (2009) Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010, World Economic Forum. SRO-Kundig: Geneva, Switzerland.

Puerta and Torres Case

Facts In Puerta v. Torres (Cal. Ct. App. – May 25, 2011), Antonio Puerta alleged that Anna Berta Torres had injured him and damaged his vehicle after a motor vehicle accident that occurred on June 19, 2007. Therefore, Puerta sought payment due to the injuries and damages arising from the accident. During the day of the accident, Puerta was driving his car when Torres’ car stopped near his car.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Puerta and Torres Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Torres’ car was about one yard from Puerta’s car. While turning into the gas station entrance, Torres was unable to complete the turn. Therefore, she reversed to complete the turn. While reversing, she hit the front of Puerta’s car. Puerta claimed that he honked his car to alert Torres. However, this did not prevent her from hitting his car at a speed of approximately 30 miles per hour. Torres cont inued driving after hitting Puerta. Puerta followed her as he thought she was running away from the scene of the accident. Puerta confronted Torres and claimed that she had hit his car. However, Torres disputed the claims. Torres called the police claiming that Puerta approached her aggressively. Torres photographed both cars before the police came to the scene of the accident. Puerta claimed that Torres’ actions showed that she was guilty of the offense. Running from the scene of the accident was one of the actions that convinced Puerta that Torres was guilty. Puerta claimed that Torres thought that the accident was so small. Therefore, it did not warrant the exchange insurance information (Anon para 16). Puerta alleged that the accident injured his neck and arm. In addition, the accident damaged his vehicle. However, Puerta did not seek medical care shortly after the accident. He sought medical care approximately one week later while he was in Spain. He claimed that he was feeling pain in his arm and neck. However, doctors did not prove that the pain was due to the accident. Issues The case presents issues on admission of liability by a party in an accident. Puerta claimed that Torres’ actions after the accident showed that she was guilty of the offense. She did not go to the gas station after hitting Puerta’s car. Instead, she drove to an alley behind the gas station. In addition, by claiming that the accident was trivial and did not warrant the exchange of insurance details, Torres admitted that an accident occurred.Advertising Looking for case study on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Puerta did not claim that he felt any pain on his arms or neck soon after the accident. He sought medical treatment approximately one week later. Puerta claimed that Torres did not provide an offer that included acceptance. Therefore, the court passed a wrong judgment in awarding the defendant $5,350 in expert witness fees. Holding The court held that Puerta failed to prove that Torres had committed the offense. He did not provide consistent evidence. On the other hand, Torres provided evidence that was consistent with the events that took place after the accident. However, the court reversed the ruling by Orange County Superior Court that granted Torres the right to claim $5,350 in expert witness fees. Opinion Puerta and Torres were involved in a road accident. Puerta took Torres to court claiming that her negligence led to the accident. However, after a trial that took one day, the court ruled in favor of Torres. Puerta appealed the ruling claiming that the court failed to provide a sufficient statement for its ruling. In addition, he claimed that the court did not provide enough evidence for its ruling. Therefore, the court erred in granting Torres costs under section 998 and section 1033 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Anon para 10). Puerta claimed that Torres did not comply with section 998 of the Code of Civil procedure. The code requires the accepting party to sign the acceptance statement. This enables the court to determine if a party has accepted an offer. In the case, Torres did not provide a form that contained a line about acceptance (Martin para 2). Therefore, the California Court of Appeal reversed the Orange County Superior Court’s decision to award Torres costs. Analysis The events that took place showed that Torres was not guilty of the offense. Torres claimed that she had stopped while turning to a gas station due to the oncoming traffic. Torres claimed that she was following her daughter who was inside the gas station. In addition, she claimed that she did not engage reverse during the entire occasion. Therefore, there was no way that she could have hit Puerta’s car. She claimed that she went behind the gas station to wait for her daughter. It is a fact that Torres is the one who called the police aft er the accident. Torres claimed that Puerta approached her aggressively. She photographed both cars before police came to the accident scene. The photographs showed that the two vehicles did not have any damage. In fact, the police officer who went to the scene of the accident claimed that she did not notice any damages on the vehicle due to the accident. Therefore, the photographs were a strong piece of evidence.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Puerta and Torres Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After an accident, it is vital for an individual to seek medical treatment. Seeking medical treatment enables an individual to determine the extent of injuries that might have occurred due to the accident (Morissette 69). However, Puerta did not seek medical care shortly after the accident. Instead, he sought medical treatment approximately one week later in Spain. In addition, Puerta did not claim that he felt any pain immediately after the accident. This made it difficult to prove that the injuries occurred due to the accident. Other accidents that occurred between the date of the accident and the day Puerta sought medical treatment may have caused the injuries. Therefore, Puerta may have sued Torres to benefit from non-existent injuries. In addition, the fact that Puerta sought treatment approximately one week after the accident shows that he may have sued her after an afterthought. Puerta may have used the accident as a scapegoat to get payment. Reports from medical practitioners showed that Puerta got injuries from a previous accident. However, delay in seeking medical treatment made it difficult to pinpoint the accident. If Puerta had sought medical treatment immediately after the accident, he would have proved that the accident caused the injuries. Torres made a CCP 998 offer that did not contain a line on acceptance. Acceptance helps in settling disputes between two parties. Failu re to provide a line on acceptance invalidates the offer (Martin para 3). Therefore, the California Court of Appeal reversed the decision to award costs to Torres. However, the court did not find that Torres caused the accident. Works Cited Anon. â€Å"Puerta v. Torres.† FindLaw, 2011. Web. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1568815.html Martin, Shaun. â€Å"Puerta v. Torres.† California Appellate Report, 2011. Web. http://calapp.blogspot.com/2011/05/puerta-v-torres-cal-ct-app-may-25-2011.html Morissette, Emily Lynch. Personal injury and the law of torts for paralegals. Aspen New York: Publishers, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for case study on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This case study on Puerta and Torres Case was written and submitted by user Maya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.